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A New Searching Problem Solved by quantum computers

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Chinese Physics Letters 2002年第4期19卷 460-462页

作者：闫海洋 KeyLaboratoryforquantumInformationandMeasurements MinistryofEducationofChinaBeijing100084

It is well known that a quantum computer can search more quickly than a classical computer while solving the so-called Grover-searching problem. We present a new searching problem which cannot be classified into Grover's problem and can be solved by using the modified searching iterations with the same efficiency as for Grover's problem.

关键词： quantum computers

From Standard Policy-Based Zero Trust to Absolute Zero Trust (AZT): A quantum Leap to Q-Day Security

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2024年第3期12卷 252-282页

作者： Fazal Raheman Blockchain 5.0 Ltd Kesklinnalinnaosa Tallinn Estonia

Cybercrime is projected to cost a whopping $23.8 Trillion by 2027. This is essentially because there’s no computer network that’s not vulnerable. Fool-proof cybersecurity of personal data in a connected computer is considered practically impossible. The advent of quantum computers (QC) will worsen cybersecurity. QC will be a boon for data-intensive industries by drastically reducing the computing time from years to minutes. But QC will render our current cryptography vulnerable to quantum attacks, breaking nearly all modern cryptographic systems. Before QCs with sufficient qubits arrive, we must be ready with quantum-safe strategies to protect our ICT infrastructures. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is being aggressively pursued worldwide as a defence from the potential Q-day threat. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), in a rigorous process, tested 82 PQC schemes, 80 of which failed after the final round in 2022. Recently the remaining two PQCs were also cracked by a Swedish and a French team of cryptographers, placing NIST’s PQC standardization process in serious jeopardy. With all the NIST-evaluated PQCs failing, there’s an urgent need to explore alternate strategies. Although cybersecurity heavily relies on cryptography, recent evidence indicates that it can indeed transcend beyond encryption using Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) technology. ZVC is an encryption-agnostic absolute zero trust (AZT) approach that can potentially render computers quantum resistant by banning all third-party permissions, a root cause of most vulnerabilities. Unachievable in legacy systems, AZT is pursued by an experienced consortium of European partners to build compact, solid-state devices that are robust, resilient, energy-efficient, and with zero attack surface, rendering them resistant to malware and future Q-Day threats.

关键词： Cybersecurity quantum computers Post quantum Cryptography Q-Day Zero Trust

Futureproofing Blockchain & Cryptocurrencies against Growing Vulnerabilities & Q-Day Threat with quantum-Safe Ledger Technology (QLT)

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2024年第7期12卷 59-77页

作者： Fazal Raheman Quantsoft Systems Ltd. Tallinn Estonia

With one billion users using 380 exchanges, the security of blockchains and cryptocurrencies remains a major concern as billions are lost to hackers every year. Cryptocurrency hacks negatively impact cryptocurrency markets introducing volatility. Each major scam/hack incident results in a significant price dip for most cryptocurrencies, decelerating the growth of the blockchain economy. Existing blockchain vulnerabilities are further amplified by the impending existential threat from quantum computers. While there’s no reprieve yet from the scam/hack prone blockchain economy, quantum resilience is being aggressively pursued by post quantum cryptography (PQC) researchers, despite 80 of 82 candidate PQCs failing. As PQC has no role in combating inherent vulnerabilities, securing over 1000 existing blockchains against scammers/hackers remains a top priority for this industry. This research proposes a novel quantum-safe Ledger Technology (QLT) framework that not only secures DLTs/cryptocurrencies and exchanges from current vulnerabilities but protects them from the impending Q-day threats from future quantum computers. As blockchain-agnostic technology, the QLT framework can be easily adapted to secure any blockchain or crypto exchange.

关键词： Cybersecurity quantum computers Post quantum Cryptography Q-Day Zero Trust

Defining quantum Advantage for Building a Sustainable MVP to Deliver quantum Computing Services

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第6期14卷 1530-1549页

作者： Fazal Raheman Blockchain 5.0 Ltd Kesklinnalinnaosa Tallinn Estonia

quantum Computing (QC) is hailed as the future of computers. After Google’s claim of achieving quantum Supremacy in 2019, several groups challenged the claim. Some QC experts attribute catastrophic risks that unrestrained QC may cause in the future by collapsing the current cryptographic cybersecurity infrastructure. These predictions are relevant only if QC becomes commercially viable and sustainable in the future. No technology can be a one-way ticket to catastrophe, and neither can the definition of superiority of that technology be. If there are catastrophic risks, large-scale QC can never enter the public domain as a minimum viable product (MVP) unless there are safeguards in place. Those safeguards should obviously become an integral part of the definition of its superiority over the legacy systems. NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology) is pursuing the standardization of Post quantum Cryptography (PQC) as that safeguard. However, with all the 82 candidate PQCs failing and companies already offering QC as a service, there’s an urgent need for an alternate strategy to mitigate the impending Q-Day threat and render QC sustainable. Our research proposes a novel encryption-agnostic cybersecurity approach to safeguard QC. It articulates a comprehensive definition of an MVP that can potentially set a sustainable gold standard for defining commercially viable quantum advantage over classical computing.

关键词： Cybersecurity NIST PQC quantum computers quantum Advantage quantum Supremacy

Teleportation of M—Qubit Unitary Operations

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Chinese Physics Letters 2002年第5期19卷 623-625页

作者：郑亦庄顾永建等 DepartmentofPhysics WenzhouNormalCollegeWenzhou215027 LaboratoryofquantumCommunicationandquantumComputation UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChinaHefei230026

We discuss teleportation of unitary operations on a two-qubit in detail, then generalize the bidirectional state teleportation scheme from one-qubit to M-qubit unitary operations. The resources required for the optimal implementation of teleportation of an M-qubit unitary operation using a bidirectional state teleportation scheme are given.

关键词： quantum computers

Probabilistic Cloning and quantum Computation

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Chinese Physics Letters 2004年第6期21卷 995-998页

作者： GAOTing YANFeng-Li WANGZhi-Xi CollegeofMathematicsandInformationScience HebeiNormalUniversityShijiazhuang050016 CCAST(WorldLabora tory)POBox8730Beijing100080 DepartmentofMathematics CapitalNormalUniversityBeijing100037

We discuss the usefulness of quantum cloning and present examples of quantum computation tasks for which the cloning offers an advantage which cannot be matched by any approach that does not resort to quantum cloning. In these quantum computations, we need to distribute quantum information contained in the states about which we have some partial information. To perform quantum computations, we use a state-dependent probabilistic quantum cloning procedure to distribute quantum information in the middle of a quantum computation.

关键词： quantum computers

A Robust Scheme for Two－Qubit Grover quantum Search Alogrithm Based on the Motional and Internal States of a Single Cold Trapped Ion

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Chinese Physics Letters 2003年第11期20卷 1910-1912页

作者：秦涛高克林 StateKeyLaboratoryofMagneticResonanceandAtomicandMolecularPhysics WuhanInstituteofPhysicsandMathematicsChineseAcademyofSciencesWuhan430071MathematicsChineseAcademyofSciencesWuhan

We propose a scheme to implement a two-qubit Grover quantum search algorithm. The novelty in the proposal is that the motional state is introduced into the computation and the internal state within a single cold trapped ion. The motional and internal states of the ion are manipulated as two qubits by the laser pulses to accomplish an example of a Grover algorithm based on the two qubits. The composite laser pulses that are applied to implement the Grover algorithm have been designed in detail. The issues concerning measurement and decoherence are discussed.

关键词： quantum computers

A New Anti-quantum Proxy Blind Signature for Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things

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computers, Materials & Continua 2019年第8期61卷 711-726页

作者： Chaoyang Li Gang Xu Yuling Chen Haseeb Ahmad Jian Li Guizhou University Sate Key Laboratory of Public Big DataGuiyang550025China Information Security Center State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching TechnologyBeijing University of Post and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China School of Computer Science Beijing University of Post and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China Department of Computer Science National Textile University Faisalabad37610Pakistan

Blockchain technology has become a research hotspot in recent years with the prominent characteristics as public,distributed and *** blockchain-enabled internet of things(BIoT)has a tendency to make a revolutionary change for the internet of things(IoT)which requires distributed trustless ***,the scalability and security issues become particularly important with the dramatically increasing number of IoT ***,with the development of quantum computing,many extant cryptographic algorithms applied in blockchain or BIoT systems are vulnerable to the quantum *** this paper,an anti-quantum proxy blind signature scheme based on the lattice cryptography has been proposed,which can provide user anonymity and untraceability in the distributed applications of ***,the security proof of the proposed scheme can derive that it is secure in random oracle model,and the efficiency analysis can indicate it is efficient than other similar literatures.

关键词： Blockchain blockchain-enabled internet of things quantum computers proxy blind signature

The Future of quantum Computer Advantage

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American Journal of Computational Mathematics 2023年第4期13卷 619-631页

作者： Jimmy Chen Senior Class Jericho High School Jericho NY USA

As technological innovations in computers begin to advance past their limit (Moore’s law), a new problem arises: What computational device would emerge after the classical supercomputers reach their physical limitations? At this moment in time, quantum computers are at their starting stage and there are already some strengths and advantages when compared with modern, classical computers. In its testing period, there are a variety of ways to create a quantum computer by processes such as the trapped-ion and the spin-dot methods. Nowadays, there are many drawbacks with quantum computers such as issues with decoherence and scalability, but many of these issues are easily emended. Nevertheless, the benefits of quantum computers at the moment outweigh the potential drawbacks. These benefits include its use of many properties of quantum mechanics such as quantum superposition, entanglement, and parallelism. Using these basic properties of quantum mechanics, quantum computers are capable of achieving faster computational times for certain problems such as finding prime factors of an integer by using Shor’s algorithm. From the advantages such as faster computing times in certain situations and higher computing powers than classical computers, quantum computers have a high probability to be the future of computing after classical computers hit their peak.

关键词： quantum computers Qubit Decoherence Superposition Entanglement Parallelism Hadamard Gates Shor’s Algorithm Bloch Sphere Moore’s Law