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quality assurance and quality control in the laboratory andrology

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第1期12卷 21-25页

作者： Allan A. Pacey School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine the Universityof Shejfield the Jessop Wing Tree Root Walk Sheffield S102SF UK

quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC） are fundamental aspects of any laboratory measurement. However, in comparison with other medical disciplines, the need for QA and QC in laboratory andrology has been recognized only recently. Furthermore, there is evidence that the effort required to undertake QA and QC has not been wholly welcomed by some clinicians. Nevertheless, accrediting bodies and regulatory authorities increasingly require evidence that laboratories have effective QA and QC measures in place because both are central to the quality management processes. Following the publication of the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Laboratory Manual, existing QA and QC systems will need to be updated to take into account some of the methodological changes recommended by the manual. Three of these are discussed in this commentary; they relate to：（i） the move to infer semen volume from its weight; （ii） the re-classification of sperm motility grades from four to three; and （iii） the publication of a lower reference limit for morphology of 4% （with a corresponding 95% confidence interval of 3%-4%）. The importance of QA and QC in all laboratory tests, including up and coming new tests to assess sperm DNA integrity, is discussed. The need for adequate initial training and continuing professional development programmes to support laboratory scientists performing andrology is also described.

关键词： andrology health care quality assurance quality control semen analysis

Development and Challenge of HIV/AIDS Testing Laboratory Network and quality assurance System in China

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Virologica Sinica 2007年第6期22卷 434-442页

作者： Yan JIANG National AIDS Reference Laboratory of National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China

This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4+ T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Laboratory Detection quality assurance quality control

quality assurance and safety of hippocampal avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation in the multicenter randomized phase III trial(NCT01780675)

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Journal of the National Cancer Center 2023年第2期3卷 135-140页

作者： Oscar Candiff JoséBelderbos Anne Lisa Wolf Eugène Damen Paul van Haaren Wouter Crijns Sandra Hol Leen Paelinck Zdenko van Kesteren Jaap Jaspers Geert de Kerf Wouter van Elmpt Fred Ubbels Sanne Schagen Dirk de Ruysscher Michiel de Ruiter Department of Radiation Oncology the Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamthe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology Catharina HospitalEindhoventhe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology/Department of Oncology Laboratory of Experimental RadiotherapyKU LeuvenBelguimthe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology Institute VerbeetenTilburgthe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology Ghent University Hospital and Ghent UniversityGentBelgium Department of Radiation Oncology Amsterdam UMC-Location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology Erasmus Mc Cancer Institute-Erasmus Mc University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital/Iridium NetwerkAntwerpBelgium Department of Radiation Oncology University of Groningen-University Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology the Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamthe Netherlands Radiation Oncology(Maastro) School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands

Objective:NCT01780675,a multicenter randomized phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation(PCI)versus PCI with hippocampal sparing in small cell lung cancer(SCLC)investigated neurocognitive decline and *** part of quality assurance,we evaluated if hippocampal avoidance(HA)-PCI was performed according to the NCT01780675 trial protocol instructions,and performed a safety analysis to study the incidence and location of brain metastases for patients treated with ***:This retrospective analysis evaluated the quality of the irradiation given in the randomized controlled trial(RCT)comparing SCLC patients receiving PCI with or without hippocampal avoidance,using intensity mod-ulated radiotherapy(IMRT)or volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT).The dose distribution for each patient receiving HA-PCI was retrieved and analyzed to evaluate if the treatment dose constraints were met.A ques-tionnaire was sent out to all participating sites,and data on radiotherapy technique,pre-treatment dummy runs,phantom measurements and treatment electronic portal imaging device(EPID)dosimetry were collected and *** part of the safety analysis,the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)or computerized to-mography(CT)scans on which cranial disease progression was first diagnosed were collected and matched to the radiotherapy planning dose *** matched scans were reviewed to analyze the location of the brain metastases in relation to the prescribed ***:A total of 168 patients were randomized in the NCT01780675 trial in 10 centers in the Netherlands and Belgium from April 2013 until March *** two patients receiving HA-PCI without evidence of brain metastases were *** patients were treated with 25 Gy in 10 *** runs and phantom measurements were performed in all institutions prior to enrolling patients into the *** radiotherapy(RT)plans showed a median mean bilateral hippocampal dose of 8.0 Gy,range 5.4-11.4(c

关键词： Hippocampus-avoidance profylactic cranial irradiation Small cell lung cancer quality assurance NCT01780675 Neurocognition

What can we learn from quality assurance badges in open-source software?

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 146-163页

作者： Feng LI Yiling LOU Xin TAN Zhenpeng CHEN Jinhao DONG Yang LI Xuanzhi WANG Dan HAO Lu ZHANG MoE Key Lab of HCST School of Computer SciencePeking University Department of Computer Science Purdue University School of Computer Science & Engineering Beihang University(BUAA) Department of Computer Science University College London(UCL)

In the development of open-source software(OSS), many developers use badges to give an overview of the software and share some key features/metrics conveniently. Among various badges, quality assurance(QA) badges make up a large proportion and are the most prevalent because QA is of vital importance in software development, and ineffective QA may lead to anomalies or defects. In this paper, we focus on QA badges in open-source projects, which present quality assurance information directly and instantly,and aim to produce some interesting findings and provide practical implications. We collect and analyze 100000 projects written in popular programming languages from GitHub and conduct a comprehensive empirical study both inside and outside QA badges. Inside QA badges, we build a category classification for all QA badges based on the properties they focus on, which shows the types of QA badges developers use. Then,we analyze the frequency of the properties that QA badges focus on, and property combinations, too, which present their use status. We find that QA badges focus on various properties while developers give different preferences to different properties. The use status also differs between different programming languages. For example, projects written in C focus on Security to a great extent. Our findings also provide implications for developers and badge providers. Outside QA badges, we conduct a correlation analysis between QA badges and some software metrics that have potential relationships with code quality, contribution quality, and popularity. We find that QA badges have statistically significant correlations with various software metrics.

关键词： quality assurance badge open-source software code quality empirical study

An Effective and Secure quality assurance System for a Computer Science Program

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第6期41卷 975-995页

作者： Mohammad Alkhatib Computer Science Department College of Computer and Information SciencesImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)RiyadhSaudi Arabia

Improving the quality assurance (QA) processes and acquiring accreditation are top priorities for academic programs. The learning outcomes (LOs)assessment and continuous quality improvement represent core components ofthe quality assurance system (QAS). Current assessment methods suffer deficiencies related to accuracy and reliability, and they lack well-organized processes forcontinuous improvement planning. Moreover, the absence of automation, andintegration in QA processes forms a major obstacle towards developing efficientquality system. There is a pressing need to adopt security protocols that providerequired security services to safeguard the valuable information processed byQAS as well. This research proposes an effective methodology for LOs assessment and continuous improvement processes. The proposed approach ensuresmore accurate and reliable LOs assessment results and provides systematic wayfor utilizing those results in the continuous quality improvement. This systematicand well-specified QA processes were then utilized to model and implement automated and secure QAS that efficiently performs quality-related processes. Theproposed system adopts two security protocols that provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for quality data and reports. The security protocols avoidthe source repudiation, which is important in the quality reporting system. This isachieved through implementing powerful cryptographic algorithms. The QASenables efficient data collection and processing required for analysis and interpretation. It also prepares for the development of datasets that can be used in futureartificial intelligence (AI) researches to support decision making and improve thequality of academic programs. The proposed approach is implemented in a successful real case study for a computer science program. The current study servesscientific programs struggling to achieve academic accreditation, and gives rise tofully automating and integrating the

关键词： quality assurance information security cryptographic algorithms education programs

A quality assurance Procedure and Evaluation of Rainfall Estimates for C-Band Polarimetric Radar

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2012年第1期29卷 144-156页

作者： HU Zhiqun LIU Liping WANG Lirong State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081 Shijiazhuang Meteorological Observatory Shijiazhuang 050081

A mobile C-band dual polarimetric weather radar J type （PCDJ）, which adopts simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception （STSR） of horizontally and vertically polarized signals, was first developed in China in 2008. It was deployed in the radar observation plan in the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment （SCHeREX） in the summer of 2008 and 2009, as well as in Tropical Western Pacific Ocean Observation Experiments and Research on the Predictability of High Impact Weather Events from 2008 to 2010 in China （TWPOR）. Using the observation data collected in these experiments, the radar systematic error and its sources were analyzed in depth. Meanwhile an algorithm that can smooth differential propagation phase （~Dp） for estimating the high-resolution specific differential phase （KDP） was developed. After attenuation correction of reflectivity in horizontal polarization （ZH） and differential reflectivity （ZDR） of PCDJ radar by means of KDP, the data quality was improved significantly. Using quality-controlled radar data, quantitative rainfall estimation was performed, and the resutls were compared with rain-gauge measurements. A synthetic ZH /KDp-based method was analyzed. The results the traditional ZH-based method when the rain suggest that the synthetic method has the advantage over rate is 〉5 mm h^-1. The more intensive the rain rates, the higher accuracy of the estimation.

关键词： quality assurance rainfall estimates C-band polarimetric radar

Integration, quality assurance, and Usage of Global Aircraft Observations in CRA

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第1期35卷 1-16页

作者： Jie LIAO Huiying WANG Zijiang ZHOU Zhiquan LIU Lipeng JIANG Fang YUAN National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China National Center for Atmospheric Research CO 80301USA

This paper presents a detailed description of integration, quality assurance procedure, and usage of global aircraft observations for China's first generation global atmospheric reanalysis(CRA) product(1979–2018). An integration method named "classified integration" is developed. Aircraft observations from nine different sources are integrated into the Integrated Global Meteorological Observation Archive from Aircraft(IGMOAA), a new dataset from the National Meteorological Information Center(NMIC) of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). IGMOAA consists of global aircraft temperature, wind, and humidity data from the surface to 100 h Pa, extending from 1973 to the present. Compared with observations assimilated in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) of NCEP,the observation number of IGMOAA increased by 12.9% between 2010 and 2014, mainly as a result of adding more Chinese Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay(AMDAR) data. Complex quality control procedures for aircraft observations of NCEP are applied to detect data errors. Observations are compared with ERA-Interim reanalysis from 1979 to 2018 to investigate data quality of different types and aircraft, and subsequently to develop the blacklists for CRA. IGMOAA data have been assimilated in CRA in 2018 and are real-time updated at the CMA Data-as-a-Service(CMADaa S) platform. For CRA, the fits to observations improve over time. From 1994 to 2018, root-meansquare error(RMSE) of observations relative to CRA background decreases from 1.8 to 1.0℃ for temperature above 300 h Pa, and from 4.5 to 3 m s^(-1) for zonal wind. The RMSE for humidity appears to exhibit an apparent seasonal variation with larger errors in summer and smaller ones in winter.

关键词： aircraft observation integration quality assurance blacklist China's global atmospheric reanalysis(CRA)product

Influence of quality assurance on patients dose reduction in some hospitals

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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series) 2007年第2期14卷 180-183页

作者： Bahman Aghahadi 张治国秦艳丽陈冠英 Pouran Sadat Tayebi Dept. of physics Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 China Dept. of National Radiation Protection Atomic Energy Organization of lran Tehran lran Dept. of Physics Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080China

The radiation dose received by patients undergoing chest radiography was included. 200 patients who attended these investigations in 10 hospitals in Iran were randomly selected from all ages groups and both female and male. Critically ill patients were excluded. This paper presents the work, which was implemented on 200 patients and evaluated using the entrance skin dose （ESD） in the posterior anterior （PA） chest projection measured directly at the center of the X-ray field. In addition, the machine room, and dark room .parameters, as well as work practices and repeat rates were studied. The quality control （QC） parameters and the ESD before and after QC were evaluated utilizing an anthropomorphic phantom to define the optimal exposure condition at all hospitals. This research shows that after using the QC parameters and after optimization of the exposure conditions, the ESD was decreased by 42% on average. Also the qua/ity of the radiographs generally increased. The reported method is easily implemented in any clinical situation where optimization of chest radiography is needed.

关键词： quality control quality assurance X-ray radiography diagnostic radiology entrance skin dose dose reduction

quality assurance of Bread and Bakery Pastries in Public Institutions According to the Law on Public Procurement

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Journal of Life Sciences 2017年第6期11卷 296-303页

作者： Ana Repse Ales Krulec Kindergarten of Ljubljana (VrtecPod Gradom) Praprotnikova 2 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia lnstitut of Public and Environmentalh Health Zaloska cesta 155 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

Public institutions, such as kindergartens, are committed to ordering food according to the Slovenian Law on public procurement （ZJN-3）, which is compliant with EU legislation. There are many bread manufacturers in the market, therefore contracting authority has the challenging task to provide a diverse and high-quality bread and bakery pastries through the process of public procurement. Each buyer has the option of ordering food through the so-called ＂short chain＂, which allows the ordering of locally produced cereals, bread from the organic and integrated production. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia issued a ＂Guide to quality Standards of Food in Public Ordering for Educational Institutions＂ which supports the ordering process. In addition to quality requirements, the buyer divides the tender documentation into several groups and subgroups （e.g. Bread, Bakery pastries and Bread of organic production）. The bakery industry is aware that in kindergartens high-quality bread and bakery pastries are required, therefore they already offer products with reduced salt, sugars, fats, products without trans-fatty acids and gluten. Taking into account the appropriate purchasing specifications and good knowledge of legislation, with respect to public procurement law-related orders, children in kindergartens can be provided with high-quality bread and bakery pastries.

关键词： High quality bread and bakery pastries public institutions public procurement quality assurance quality schemes.