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Study on the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and heat source characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 117-133页

作者： Yujie LI Xiaoqing GAO Yaoming MA Zeyong HU Zhenchao LI Liwei YANG Xiao JIN Xiyin ZHOU Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions of Chinese Academy of Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology Tianjin Institute of Meteorological ScienceTianjin 300074China Institute of tibetan plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

There are many types of atmospheric heat engines in land-air systems.The accurate definition,calculation and interpretation of the efficiency of atmospheric heat engines are key to understanding energy transfer and transformation of landair systems.The atmosphere over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)in summer can be regarded as a positive heat engine.The study of the heat engine efficiency is helpful to better understand land-air interaction and thermal-dynamic processes on the QTP.It also provides a new perspective to explain the impact of the QTP on the climate of China,East Asia and even the world.In this paper,we used MOD08 and ERA5 reanalysis data to calculate the atmospheric heat engine efficiency,surface heat source and atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer(May to September)from 2000 to 2020.The average atmospheric heat engine efficiency on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 varies between 1.2%and 1.5%,which is less than 1.6%;the heat engine efficiency in summer is higher than that in June,July and August;the Qaidam Basin is the region with the highest atmospheric heat engine efficiency,followed by the western QTP.The mean surface heat source on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 is 96.0 W m^(−2),the atmospheric heat source is 90.7 W m^(−2),and the release of precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.There is a strong and significant positive correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the surface heat source on the QTP in summer.The precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source in summer and can reflect the precipitation process.There is a strong and significant negative correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Climate change Land-air system Atmospheric heat engine Heat source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Evolution of drought and flood events on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and key issues for response

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第11期66卷 2514-2529页

作者： Jie LU Shu XU Tianling QIN Xin HE Denghua YAN Cheng ZHANG Sintayehu A.ABEBE State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China Yinshanbeilu National Field Research Station of Steppe Eco-hydrological System China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchHohhot 010020China Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering Department Debre Markos University Institute of TechnologyDebre Markos 999047Ethiopia

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a climate-sensitive region.The characteristics of drought and flood events in this region are significantly different as compared to other areas in the country,which could potentially induce a series of water security,ecological and environmental problems.It is urgent that innovative theories and methods for estimation of drought and flood disasters as well as their adaptive regulations are required.Based on extensive literature review,this paper identifies new situations of the evolution of drought and flood events on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and analyzes the research progress in terms of monitoring and simulation,forecasting and early warning,risk prevention and emergency response.The study found that there were problems such as insufficient integration of multi-source data,low accuracy of forecasting and early warning,unclear driving mechanisms of drought and flood disaster chains,and lack of targeted risk prevention and regulation measures.On this basis,future research priorities are proposed,and the possible research and development paths are elaborated,including the evolution law of drought and flood on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the coincidence characteristics of drought and flood from the perspective of a water resources system,prediction and early warning of drought and flood coupled with numerical simulation and knowledge mining,identification of risk blocking points of drought and flood disaster chain and the adaptive regulations.Hopefully,the paper will provide technical support for preventing flood and drought disasters,water resources protection,ecological restoration and climate change adaptation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

关键词： Drought and flood evolution Monitoring and simulation Prediction and early warning Risk prevention and emergency response Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Analysis of genetic diversity and prediction of Larix species distribution in the qinghai–tibet plateau,China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第3期34卷 705-715页

作者： Qiqiang Guo Huie Li Weilie Zheng Jinwen Pan Jie Lu Jiangrong Li Yu Zheng Institute for Forest Resources&Environment of Guizhou Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou ProvinceGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China College of Forestry Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China College of Agriculture Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China Institute of tibet plateau Ecology Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchi Tibet 860000People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in tibet plateau(tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University) Ministry of EducationNyingchi Tibet 860000People’s Republic of China Plant Research Center Chengdu Botanical GardenChengdu 610083People’s Republic of China

Larix resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have important ecological and economic values.However,the lack of genetic diversity background and related research hinders the development of conservation strategies.In this study,genetic diversity and distribution of fi ve Larix species were investigated.Using 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers to study 272 representative individuals from 13 populations,the results show low genetic diversity at the population level,with variation explained mainly by diff erentiation among populations.The Larix populations were classifi ed into two clades,one formed by eight populations,including three of the species in this study,L.kongboensis,L.speciosa,and L.potaninii var.australis.The other clade consists of fi ve populations,including the other two species in this study,L.griffi thii and L.himalaica.Genetic distance of the species was aff ected by geographical isolation and genetic diversity was mainly aff ected by altitude.The area suitable for Larix spp.decreased during the Last Glacial Maximum compared to the current distribution according to the niche model,but should increase in future climate scenarios(2050s),expanding westward along the Himalayas.These results provide an important scientifi c basis for the development of conservation strategies and further the sustainable utilization of Larix resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

关键词： Larix spp. Genetic diversity Phylogenetic relationship Genetic structure Ecological niche modeling Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Degradation of warm permafrost and talik formation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2006-2021

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第2期15卷 275-284页

作者： Qi-Hang MEI Ji CHEN You-Qian LIU Shou-Hong ZHANG Jing-Yi ZHAO Tian-Chun DONG Jun-Cheng WANG Yao-Jun ZHAO Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil EngineeringNorthwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China China Railway qinghai-tibet Group Co.Ltd Xining 810007China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Permafrost is degrading globally,particularly those with low thermal stability on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,owing to climate change.However,the inadequacy of direct research on permafrost degradation based on in-situ monitoring limits the prediction of permafrost degradation and engineering practices.This study explored the processes and modes of permafrost degradation into talik by analyzing ground temperature data from five points in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2006 to 2021.The results showed that the degradation of the warm permafrost layer with a geothermal gradient of zero occurred simultaneously in the top and bottom directions.The rate of permafrost degradation from the top down and bottom up increase during the degradation process,but the increase of the former is more drastic after the formation of thawed interlayer.Additionally,the construction of the qinghai-tibet Railway changed the degradation modes of the permafrost in adjacent natural sites through horizontal heat transfer,particularly after through talik formation under the embankment.The findings suggest that taking countermeasures before or immediately after forming thawed interlayer is more effective.When evaluating the thermal impact of projects in warm permafrost regions,special attention should be given to the horizontal heat transfer process that may result from the formation of a through talik.

关键词： Warm permafrost Degradation Talik Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Climate change

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The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the qinghai–tibet plateau

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第2期40卷 201-210页

作者： Jinlei CHEN Yuan YUAN Xianyu YANG Zuoliang WANG Shichang KANG Jun WEN State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Processes and Climate Change Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the qinghai–tibet plateau.It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation.Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland.This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and thermal roughness length were found to be greater in the warm season(June–August)than in the cold season(December–February),with a frozen depth of 20–40 cm over the alpine wetland.The transfers of heat fluxes were mainly controlled by longwave radiation and air temperature and affected by root distribution.Air pressure and stomatal conductance were also important to latent heat flux,and soil solid water content was important to sensible heat flux.Soil temperature was dominated by longwave radiation and air temperature,with crucial surface parameters of initial soil liquid water content and total water content.The atmospheric control factors transitioned to precipitation and air temperature for soil moisture,especially at the shallow layer(5 cm).Meanwhile,the more influential surface parameters were root distribution and stomatal conductance in the warm season and initial soil liquid water content and total water content in the cold season.This work contributes to the research on the land surface processes over the alpine wetland and is helpful to wetland protection.

关键词： alpine wetland Qinghai-Tibet Plateau land surface processes atmospheric factor surface parameter

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Evaluation of suitability,adaptability,and reserve potential of construction land on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2024年第1期34卷 41-61页

作者： YANG Hua XU Yong ZHOU Kan WANG Lijia XU Lin Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Construction land is the leading carrier of human activities such as production and living.Evaluating the construction land suitability(CLS)on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)holds significant implications for harmonizing the relationship between ecological protection and human activity and promoting population and industry layout optimization.However,no relevant studies provide a complete CLS assessment of the QTP.In this study,we developed a model-based CLS evaluation framework coupling of pattern and process to calculate the global CLS on the QTP based on a previously developed CLS evaluation model.Then,using the land-use data of 1990,2000,2010,and 2020,we examined the adaptability of existing construction land(ECL)to the CLS assessment result through the adaptability index and vertical gradient index and further analyzed the limitations of maladaptive construction land.Finally,we calculated the potential area of reserve suitable construction land.This article includes four conclusions:(1)The highly suitable,suitable,moderately suitable,marginally suitable,and unsuitable CLS classes cover areas of 0.33×10^(4)km^(2),10.42×10^(4)km^(2),18.06×10^(4)km^(2),24.12×10^(4)km^(2),and 205.29×10^(4)km^(2),respectively.Only approximately 11%of the study area on the QTP is suitable for large-scale permanent construction land,and approximately 79.50%of the area is unsuitable under current economic and technological conditions.(2)The ECL adaptability index is 85.16%,85.93%,85.18%,and 78.01%during 1990–2020,respectively,with an average adaptability index exceeding 80%on the QTP.The ECL distribution generally conforms to construction land suitable space characteristics but with a significant spatial difference.(3)From 1990 to 2020,the maladaptive ECL was dominated by rural settlement land,transport land,and special land,with a rapidly increasing proportion of urban and other construction land.The maladaptive ECL is constrained by both elevation and slope in the southern qinghai plateau,the Hengduan Mountains,and the Qilian Mount

关键词： land resource construction land suitability existing construction land adaptability human activity Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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青藏高原生态系统功能稳定性演化特征及分区

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2023年第11期33卷 2193-2210页

作者：王欠鑫曹巍黄麟 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),also known as the Third Pole of the Earth,is a vital ecological security barrier for China.It is a tremendously sensitive region affected by the impacts of global climate change.The escalating intensity of climate change has presented profound challenges to its ecosystem functions and stability.This study first analyzes the spatiotemporal variations of the QTP ecosystem patterns and the key functions of the plateau including water conservation,soil conservation,and windbreak and sand fixation from 2000 to 2020.It clarifies the regional differences in ecosystem functions and their importance,further evaluates the stability of ecosystem functions,and lays a scientific foundation for an ecological civilization on the plateau by implementing conservation and restoration projects.The main results show that:(1)From 2000 to 2020,the wetland area in the QTP increased,while the grassland area significantly decreased.There were improvements in water conservation and windbreak and sand fixation capacities,with annual rates of change being 3.57m~3·ha^(-1)·a^(-1)and 0.23 t·ha^(-1)·a^(-1),respectively.However,the overall soil conservation trend declined during the same period,with an annual change rate of-0.16 t·ha^(-1)·a^(-1).(2)The core areas of water conservation,soil conservation,and windbreak and sand fixation on the QTP accounted for 12.7%,13.9%,and 14.2%of the total area,respectively.The core water conservation areas are mainly the southeastern QTP,Sanjiangyuan,and Naqu,while the core windbreak and sand fixation areas were concentrated in the central and western parts of the plateau.The core soil conservation areas surrounded the entire interior of the plateau.(3)From 2000 to 2020,the water conservation,soil conservation,and windbreak sand-fixation function on the QTP had higher stability in the southeastern and central parts,while stability was lower in the western region.Considering the stability assessment and ecological protection and restoration practices,the QTP can be divided into t

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecosystem functional stability ecosystem functional importance spatiotemporal change

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Mapping of lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2016 to 2021: trend and potential regularity

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2022年第1期15卷 1692-1714页

作者： Zhichong Yang Si-Bo Duan Xiaoai Dai Yingwei Sun Meng Liu College of Earth Science Chengdu University of technologyChengduPeople’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China

Lakes over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (TP) have large quantities and areas. As an important component of fragile plateau ecosystems,these lakes have attracted increasing attention. However,owing to the limitations of technology and methods,changes in smaller lakes on the TP have received less attention. In this study,we used Google Earth Engine (GEE) with the Analysis Ready Data (ARD) preparation framework to obtain preprocessed Sentinel-1 data covering the plateau. The D-LinkNet framework was introduced to achieve lake extraction,and the lake dataset was completed from 2016 to 2021. The lake dataset showed an area accuracy of 86.49% and Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.72-0.99 in different regions. The findings were as follows: during the study period,the TP lakes tended to be stable after increasing,with an increase in area and number of +7.6% and +14.8%. Except for the northwest TP,the other regions show the same general trend. In particular,the Tarim Basin exhibited a lake variation pattern independent of the TP. Significantly,we found frequent lake activity in the Kunlun Mountains,Qaidam Basin,Mountain Qogir,etc. Effects of the ongoing La Niña event on the TP lakes may occur in the next few years.

关键词： Sentinel-1 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lake mapping Google Earth Engine deep learning

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Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China by considering topographic and meteorological elements

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第8期14卷 849-866页

作者： JIA Wei SHI Peijun WANG Jing'ai MA Weidong XIA Xingsheng ZHOU Yuantao Key Laboratory of tibetan plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation(Ministry of Education) Qinghai Normal UniversityXining 810008China School of Geographical Sciences Qinghai Normal UniversityXining 810008China Academy of plateau Science and Sustainability Qinghai Normal UniversityXining 810008China Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Ministry of EducationBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Monitoring rock desert formation caused by two different origins(ice-snow melting and drying)through remote sensing is crucial to our understanding of the interaction between the underlying surface of different rock desert and land-atmosphere types,as well as the relationship between bare land and soil erosion.A number of achievements have been made in remote sensing monitoring of desert areas,but there is a lack of accurate classification and remote sensing identification of rock desert types based on formation mechanism.In this study,the north and south sides of the eastern Kunlun Mountains in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China were taken as the study areas.Landsat operational landscape imager,digital elevation model,and precipitation and temperature grid data were used as data sources.By identifying the bare areas based on the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),we used the multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets to identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The results showed that:(1)the rock desert areas identified by remote sensing based on topographic and meteorological elements were highly accurate,with an overall accuracy of 88.45%and kappa coefficient of 0.77.The multi-element fusion method of contours,isotherms,and isohyets could effectively identify the rock desert types in the ice-snow melting and dry areas;(2)the optimal segmentation range of the ice-snow melting and dry areas was 3600 m contour,-2°C-2°C isotherms,and 100-130 mm isohyets.The areas with elevation less than 3600 m,annual average temperature higher than 2°C,and average annual precipitation less than 100 mm were rock desert in the dry areas.The range of-2°C-2°C isotherms and 100-130 mm isohyets was the transition area between the ice-snow melting and dry areas.The areas with elevation higher than 3600 m,annual average temperature less than-2°C,and average annual precipitation higher than 130 mm were rock desert in the ice-snow melting areas;and(3)the identifi

关键词： rock desert in the ice-snow melting areas rock desert in the dry areas contours isotherms isohyets Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Vertical crustal deformation velocity and its influencing factors over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on satellite gravity data

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2022年第4期6卷 366-377页

作者： HuRong Duan JunGang Guo LingKang Chen JiaShuang Jiao HeTing Jian College of Geomatics Xi’an University of Science and TechnologyXi’an 710054China College of Sciences Guangdong University of Petrochemical TechnologyMaoming Guangdong 525000China School of Geodesy and Geomatics Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430077China School of Resource and Environmental Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou Jiangxi 341000China

The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(TP)strongly influences climate change,both regionally and globally.Surface observation data from this region have limited coverage and are difficult to obtain.Consequently,the vertical crustal deformation velocity(VCDV)distribution of the TP is poorly constrained.In this study,the VCDV from the TP was inverted by using data from the gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE).We were able to obtain the vertical crustal movement by deducting the hydrological factors,based on the assumption that the gravity signal detected by GRACE is mainly composed of hydrological factors and vertical crustal movement.From the vertical crustal movement,we inverted the distribution of the VCDV across the TP.The results showed that the VCDV of the southern,eastern,and northern TP is~1.1 mm/a,~0.5 mm/a,and−0.1 mm/a,respectively,whereas that of the region between the Qilian Haiyuan Fault and the Kunlun Fault is~0.0 mm/a.These results are consistent with the distribution of crustal deformation,thrust earthquakes and faults,and regional lithospheric activity.The hydrology,crustal thickness,and topographic factors did not change the overall distribution of the VCDV across the TP.The influence of hydrological factors is marked,with the maximum differences being approximately−0.4 mm/a in the northwest and 1.0 mm/a in the central area.The results of this study are significant for understanding the kinematics of the TP.

关键词： GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau crustal vertical deformation hydrological factors crustal thickness

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