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Shallow subsurface habitats across the Mars-analog qaidam basin

Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第11期66卷 2487-2496页

作者： Yan CHEN Li LIU Huiqing ZHANG Xue GUO Wensi ZHANG Chunxia ZHANG Wei LIN Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Clinical Laboratory National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People’s HospitalShenzhen 518112China State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Searching for life is one of the most important targets of Mars exploration missions. It has been considered that the Martian subsurface, away from the extreme surface environment, is a potentially habitable region for microbial ***, the distribution pattern of potential microbial habitats in the Martian subsurface has yet to be evaluated. Here, we investigate the subsurface habitats to depths of 20–60 cm from various landscapes, including slopes, gullies, channels, playas,and alluvial fans across the Mars-analog qaidam basin, NW China. We characterize subsurface niches by measuring microbial biomass and radiocarbon ages, and correlate them with soil properties including depth, moisture content, total organic carbon content, electric conductivity, pH, evaporite and clay mineral contents. We find more habitable niches for microbial colonization at depths of 5–25 cm as compared with the surface and deep subsurface across the hyperarid qaidam basin. Maximum biomass and biotic activity could be correlated with physical stability, limited radiation, and short-term moderate water availability in the shallow subsurface in hyperarid deserts. The findings of this study provide new perspectives on subsurface microbial habitats in Mars-analog hyperarid deserts and ongoing biosignature detection on Mars.

关键词： Mars-analog qaidam basin Shallow subsurface Microbial habitat Astrobiology

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Distribution and origin of brine-type Li-Rb mineralization in the qaidam basin,NW China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第3期65卷 477-489页

作者： Jiansen LI Tingwei LI Yunqi MA Fukun CHEN School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources Qinghai Institute of Salt LakesChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes Xining 810008China

The qaidam basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is well endowed with a variety of critical metals,such as Li and ***,little is known about the distribution,source,and enrichment mechanisms of these *** this paper,we present results of systematic geochemical and H-O-B isotopic analyses of brines in the Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of the qaidam *** results reveal that the paleobrines from oil-bearing anticlines at Dafengshan,Nanyishan,Youquanzi,Jiandingshan,and Jianshishan are significantly enriched in Li and Rb,whose contents are 81.1-128.9 mg L^(-1)and 4.5-29.2 mg L^(-1),respectively,reaching levels of economic *** Rb contents(up to 12.5 mg L^(-1))and well-endowment of Li also characterize the Dongtai,Xitai,Yiliping,and Senie salt lakes in the qaidam *** Tertiary paleobrine average inδD andδ18O at-40.7‰and 2.84‰,*** paleobrine with the highest Li and Rb hasδD andδ^(18)O values close to magmatic ***δ^(11)B values are lower than those of river water but close to those of geothermal fluids,suggesting that replenishment by deep magmatic hydrothermal fluid is most likely the key mechanism for the anomalous enrichment of these elements in the paleobrines,though evaporation and water-rock reactions have contributed to the critical metal *** anomalous enrichment of Li and Rb in modern salt lake brines is closely related to the input of volcanic geothermal *** relatively high Li and Rb contents of intercrystalline brines in salt lakes of the western qaidam basin and the increase of Li and Rb contents with increasing depth were caused by upwelling of local paleobrines along the fault zones.

关键词： Li and Rb resources Paleobrine Salt lake brine Hydrogen H-O-B isotopes qaidam basin

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Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of southern qaidam basin, NE Tibetan Plateau and its implication for the rejuvenation of Eastern Kunlun Mountains

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Science China Earth Sciences 2014年第11期57卷 2726-2739页

作者： MAO LiGuang XIAO AnCheng WU Lei LI BenLiang WANG LiQun LOU QianQian DONG YouPu QIN SuHua Department of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Research Center for Structures in Oil & Gas Bearing basins Ministry of Education PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Qinghai Oilfield Company PetroChina Zhejiang No.3 Geology Group Research Institute of BGP inc. China National Petroleum Corporation

The Eastern Kunlun Mountains play an important role in the growth and eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonic and sedimentary study of the Cenozoic qaidam basin, especially the southern part, provides key evidence for understanding their evolution. Here we present evidence including isopach maps, seismic sections and sedimentary analysis of single well to illustrate the sedimentary development of the basin and the structural features of its southern margin. The qaidam basin extended across Qiman Tagh-Eastern Kunlun Mountains in the early Cenozoic and withdrew northward at ca. 35.5 Ma, and then buckled as an EW striking elliptical depression since ca. 14.9 Ma, with the main depocenter migrating eastward. Our results support the view that the Kumukol and Hoh Xil basins joined the qaidam basin in the early Cenozoic time and we propose the Eastern Kunlun Mountains uplifted in the mid-Miocene.

关键词： NE Tibetan Plateau qaidam basin Eastern Kunlun Cenozoic mid-Miocene

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Paleozoic and Mesozoic Basement Magmatisms of Eastern qaidam basin,Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and its Geological Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第2期86卷 350-369页

作者： CHEN Xuanhua George GEHRELS YIN An LI Li JIANG Rongbao Key Laboratory of Neotectonic Movement and Geohazard Ministry of Land and ResourcesBeijing 100081China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100081China Department of Geosciences University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA Department of Earth andSpace Sciences University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095-1567USA

The eastern margin of the qaidam basin lies in the key tectonic location connecting the Qinling, Qilian and East Kunlun orogens. The paper presents an investigation and analysis of the geologic structures of the area and LA-ICP MS zircon U-Pb dating of Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatisms of granitoids in the basement of the eastern qaidam basin on the basis of 16 granitoid samples collected from the South Qilian Mountains, the qaidam basin basement and the East Kunlun Mountains. According to the results in this paper, the basement of the basin, from the northern margin of the qaidam basin to the East Kunlun Mountains, has experienced at least three periods of intrusive activities of granitoids since the Early Paleozoic, i.e. the magmatisms occurring in the Late Cambrian （493.1±4.9 Ma）, the Silurian （422.9±8.0 Ma-420.4±4.6 Ma） and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic （257.8±4.0 Ma-228.8＋1.5 Ma）, respectively. Among them, the Late Permian - Middle Triassic granitoids form the main components of the basement of the basin. The statistics of dated zircons in this paper shows the intrusive magmatic activities in the basement of the basin have three peak ages of 244 Ma （main）, 418 Ma, and 493 Ma respectively. The dating results reveal that the Early Paleozoic magmatism of granitoids mainly occurred on the northern margin of the qaidam basin and the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains, with only weak indications in the East Kunlun Mountains. However, the distribution of Permo-Triassic （P-T） granitoids occupied across the whole basement of the eastern qaidam basin from the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains to the East Kunlun Mountains. An integrated analysis of the age distribution of P-T granitoids in the qaidam basin and its surrounding mountains shows that the earliest P-T magmatism （293.6-270 Ma） occurred in the northwestern part of the basin and expanded eastwards and southwards, resulting in the P-T intrusive magmatism that ran through the whole basin basement. As

关键词： LA-ICP MS zircon U-Pb dating thrust fault system crust shortening and deformation Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatism Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun joint zone qaidam basin

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Application of remote sensing in the description of fluvial system in dryland:A case study of Golmud distributive fluvial system,qaidam basin,NW China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2022年第4期11卷 601-617页

作者： Xiang-Hui Zhang Chang-Min Zhang Wen-Jie Feng Rui Zhu Qing-Hai Xu School of Geosciences Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100Hubei ProvinceChina

Distributive fluvial systems(DFS)are widespread in drylands in the northwestern *** differences in fluvial morphology in drylands is beneficial for studying ancient rock records and the extraterrestrial surface *** remote sensing image,characterized by real-time and possibility of repeated observations,is a vital tool for recording and comparing fluvial systems in *** remote sensing technology is a method of investigating fluvial *** to the limited accuracy of satellite imagery,there are few reports on the detailed description of the fluvial system in drylands of NW *** analyze the pattern of fluvial morphology changes in the Golmud distributive fluvial system(DFS)in the qaidam basin,northwestern China,using satellite remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV).Firstly,we use Google Earth real-time image data,historical image data,and radar digital elevation data to extract geomorphological information;then the UAV remote sensing image data were used to interpret fluvial network information;finally,we use the gray-scale differential vector method to describe the fluvial *** zones have been identified in the Golmud DFS:the proximal,the medial,and the distal,by comparing the differences in topographic and geomorphic characteristics,fluvial morphologies,and sedimentary characteristics of the Golmud *** proximal slope is higher than the other two zones,and the geomorphic features are mainly gravel *** proximal fluvial morphologies are mainly large braided rivers,and sediments are more gravelly and less *** medial slope is relatively small,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis *** medial fluvial morphologies are mainly meandering rivers associating with braided rivers,and sediments are more sandy and less *** distal slope is the lowest,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis plains,lakes,and marsh *** distal fluvial morphologies are mainly meande

关键词： qaidam basin Remote sensing UAV Distributive fluvial system Fluvial morphology Dryland fluvial systems

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Sedimentation Geochemistry and Environmental Changes during the Late Pleistocene of Paleolake Qarhan in the qaidam basin

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2008年第1期19卷 1-8页

作者：常凤琴张虎才陈玥杨明生牛洁樊红芳雷国良张文翔类延斌杨伦庆 Key Laboratory of Western China's Environments Ministry of Education College of Earth Sciences and Environments Lanzhou University State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environments Ministry of Education College of Earth Sciences and Environments Lanzhou University

On the basis of the analyses of TOC, CaCO3, δ13Corg, δ18O, and δ13C of the shell bar section in the qaidam basin, and compared with grain size data, the environmental change history of the high water level of paleolake Qarhan was reconstructed and it could be divided into five stages. From 39.7 to 35.8 kaBP was the development period of high paleolake level. From 35.8 to 33.6 kaBP and 33.6 to 27.2 kaBP, TOC and CaCO3 contents and δ18O values were high, whereas, δ13Corg values and median size content were low, reflecting a warm-humid climate and high lake level. During 27.2-22.3 kaBP and 22.3-17.5 kaBP, both temperature and the lake level were lower than those in the previous stages, but the climate was still warmer and more humid than that of today. The lake level decreased between 32.4 and 32.2 kaBP, 30.4 and 29.8 kaBP, and 28.4 and 27.2 kaBP. Generally, the climate was warm and humid in qaidam basin and the high lake level sustained between 39.7 and 17.5 kaBP. The lake retreated abruptly at 17.5 kaBP, with a very strong increase in evaporation, which resulted in salt formation and the extinction of Corbicula.

关键词： qaidam basin stable oxygen and carbon isotopes paleoenvironment.

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Chemical and Isotopic Approach to Groundwater Cycle in Western qaidam basin,China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2009年第4期19卷 357-364页

作者： TAN Hongbing RAO Wenbo CHEN Jiansheng SU Zhiguo SUN Xiaoxu LIU Xiaoyan State Key Laboratory of Hydrology- Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China Department of Earth Science and Engineering College of Civil Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western qaidam basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial *** is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy *** study focused on the recharge,the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western qaidam basin through investigations on water chemistry and ***,chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western qaidam basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun *** addition,the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable,and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively ***,it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future,moreover,water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western qaidam basin.

关键词： groundwater cycle water chemistry isotope qaidam basin

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Discovery and significance of Quaternary aqueously deposited aeolian sandstones in the Sanhu area, qaidam basin, China

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Petroleum Science 2018年第1期15卷 41-50页

作者： Wen-Jing Mao Shao-Bin Guo School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Enrichment Mechanism Ministry of EducationBeijing 100083 China

Influenced by neo-tectonic movement, the Sanhu area of China＇s qaidam basin formed in the Quaternary in response to migration of its depocentre. A study of core material from the Qijia 1 Well reveals novel Quaternary aqueously deposited aeolian sandstones in the Qigequan Formation of the Sanhu area. Here we report the sedimentary petrology and geochemistry data of these deposits that constrain their depositional history. Evidence for aeolian influence during deposition includes： sorting and roundness, pure quartz sand with single mode grain size distribution and few suspension materials,very fine sand grain size distribution indicating sorting by saltation and suspension transport, dish-shaped and crescentshaped pits in grain surfaces indicating aeolian transport and chemical composition similar to that observed in active or recent dune deposits, namely enrichment in Si O_2, Na_2 O, and Mg O relative to the sand dam sediment in the *** of these aqueously deposited aeolian sandstones expands the range of sedimentary deposit types found in the Sanhu area and improves understanding of its paleoclimatic history.

关键词： qaidam basin Qigequan Formation Aqueously deposited - Aeolian sandstones Paleoclimate

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The paleoclimate change of qaidam basin during the last 2.85 Ma recorded by Gamma-ray logging

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Science China Earth Sciences 2001年第2期44卷 133-145页

作者：刘泽纯陈晔袁林旺 1. Geo-Science School Nanjing Normal University 210097 Nanjing China

The geographical location of qaidam basin corresponds toN36°05′-38°10′ and E90°10′-98°05′. The thickness of the Quaternary deposits in the basin reaches 2000-3000 m. This paper deals mainly with the aspect of paleoclimate change of the basin. The approach used for the study consisted of (1) establishing the paleoclimate curve of the basin according to the climate indices, including the spore-pollen statistics, carbonate content and δ18O, obtained from the samples of the 760 m continuously-cored exploration holes sited in the basin, (2) comparing the paleoclimate curve with the natural gamma-logs of the same exploration holes, and (3) determining the paleoclimatic changes in the last 2.85 Ma on the basis of detailed geochronological calculations. These results are extremely important for comparison with the δ18O-based climate curve derived from the ODP659 in the Atlantic Ocean and with the cycles of paleosol in the Chinese loess.

关键词： qaidam basin natural gamma-log quaternary paleoclimate tuning astronomical timescale

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The Sedimentary Record in Northern qaidam basin and its Response to the Uplift of the South Qilian Mountain at around 30 Ma

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第2期87卷 528-539页

作者： SONG Bowen ZHANG Kexin CHEN Ruiming WANG Chaowen LUO Mansheng ZHANG Jianyu JIANG Shangsong State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources China Geological Survey

The thick, Eocene to Pliocene, sedimentary sequence in qaidam basin at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau records the surface uplift history of the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In this study, we present detailed geochemistry, heavy mineral, and clay mineralogy data of the well preserved sedimentary record in the Dahongou section in the northeast of the qaidam basin. The results suggest that the sedimentary sequence recorded a 30 Ma young uplift/unroofing event in the northern edge of the qaidam basin, which is characterized by high ZTR index value and chlorite content, and low CIW＇. The results are consistent with previous sedimentological studies of the qaidam basin, which indicated rapid increase of the accumulation rates around 30 Ma. Based on past thermochronological data from the mountains around the qaidam basin and the accumulation rates of the Cenozoic basins in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we infer a regional uplift and denudation event along the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during early Oligocene （-30 Ma）, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau had expanded north-eastward of the study area at that time.

关键词： heavy mineral CIW' Early Oligocene qaidam basin uplift of Tibetan Plateau

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