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Zinc protoporphyrin IX enhances chemotherapeutic response of hepatoma cells to cisplatin

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第26期20卷 8572-8582页

作者： Yang-Sui Liu Huan-Song Li Dun-Feng Qi Jun Zhang Xin-Chun Jiang Kui Shi Xiao-Jun Zhang Xin-Hui Zhang The Central Hospital of Xuzhou City Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University

AIM:To investigate the effect of zinc protoporphyrin IX on the response of hepatoma cells to cisplatin and the possible mechanism involved.METHODS:Cytotoxicity was determined using the3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Apoptosis was determined by a flow cytometric assay.Western blotting was used to measure protein expression.Heme oxygenase(HO)-1 activity was measured by determining the level of bilirubin generated in isolated microsomes.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)production was monitored by flow cytometry.Caspase-3 activity was measured with a colorimetric assay kit.Mice were inoculated with 1×107 tumor cells subcutaneously into the right flanks.All mice were sacrificed 6 wk after the first treatment and tumors were weighed and measured.RESULTS:Overexpression of HO-1 in HepG2 cell line was associated with increased chemoresistance to cisdiaminedichloroplatinum(cisplatin;CDDP)compared to other cell lines in vitro.Inhibition of HO-1 expression or activity by zinc protoporphyrin IX(ZnPP IX)markedly augmented CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity towards all liver cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo.In contrast,induction of HO-1 with hemin increased resistance of tumor cells to CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,cells treated with ZnPP IX plus CDDP exhibited marked production of intracellular ROS and caspase-3 activity,which paralleled the incidence of cell apoptosis,whereas hemin decreased cellular ROS and caspase-3 activity induced by CDDP.CONCLUSION:ZnPP IX increases cellular sensitivity and susceptibility of liver cancer cell lines to CDDP and this may represent a mechanism of increasing ROS.

关键词： Zinc protoporphyrin IX Heme oxygenase-1 Liver canc

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Action of protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX) in the lifespan of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>deficient in endogenous antioxidants, Sod and Cat

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第4期3卷 1-7页

作者： Emilio Pimentel Luz M. Vidal Martha Patricia Cruces Mariusz Krzysztof Janczur Departamento de Biología Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) Ocoyoacac México Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca México

Protoporphyirin-IX (PP-IX) is a precursor of the biosynthesis of the hemo group, most of the cytochromes and the chlorophylls. The PP-IX is used for medical purposes, and recently a report indicated that it exhibits a dual action since it can decrease or increase the genetic damage caused by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) in somatic cells of Drosophila. PP-IX is known to be able to act as an anti-or pro-oxidant agent. The aim of the present research was to study the role of PP-IX on the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, taking into account the fact that increasing levels of ROS can accelerate the aging process. The Canton-S strain (CS) was used as well as Sod and Cat which are deficient in the endogenous enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, respectively. Groups of females and males were treated separately with 5 mg/ml of PP-IX solution. The comparison of survival curves indicates that this pigment extended the lifespan of CS. In contrast, Sod strain showed that the opposite effect and had no effect in Cat strain. The fact that PP-IX reduces the mean lifespan in Sod deficient strain might suggest a pro-oxidant action of PP-IX, and consequently the cumulating of ROS as a superoxide could have a mutagenic effect as was shown recently. The results presented evidence of the dual effect of PP-IX.

关键词： protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX) Lifespan Sod Cat Reactive Oxygen Species Longevity Drosophila melanogaster

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Photosensitization of protoporphyrin——ESR Research on Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ Reaction Mechanisms

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1993年第11期38卷 947-952页

作者：张过江张志义万谦呼俊改 Institute of Biophysics Academia Sinica Beijing 100101 PRC

More attention has been paid to hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), an useful porphyrin photosensitizer used in tumor detection and treatment.Although the photosensitization of Photofrin Ⅱ and YHPD made in China is higher than that of HPD, the percentages of some of their porphyrin components are greatly different. This raises questions. Which porphyrin component is active? Why is it active? International photochemical and medical scientists have been discussing the chemical structure,

关键词： protoporphyrin singlet oxygen anion free radical ESR.

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Preoperative Prediction of Whether Intraoperative Fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX Can Be Achieved by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Administration

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2012年第2期3卷 132-135页

作者： Satoshi Utsuki Hidehiro Oka Chihiro Kijima Madoka Inukai Kiyotaka Fujii Masahiro Ishizuka Kiwamu Takahashi Katsushi Inoue Department of Neurosurgery Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan SBI ALApromo Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan

protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence-guided brain tumor resection, using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is among the most valuable tools for determining tumor removal area. However, PPIX fluorescence is not necessarily achieved during an operation visually even when 5-ALA is used, and we do not know until tumor exposure to the excitation light of the ultraviolet region whether PPIX fluorescence has been achieved. When a particular biopsy and frozen section diagnosis is made, the reason for lack of PPIX fluorescence in the tissue cannot be judged. We do not know whether the tumor fails to fluoresce or no fluorescence is seen because it is not the main body of the tumor. We investigated whether the presence or absence of tumor fluorescence could be predicted by examining urinary porphyrin before surgery, at the time of intraoperative fluorescence diagnosis using 5-ALA. The urine of brain tumor patients 2 hours after 5-ALA administration was irradiated with a 405 ± 1 nm laser light. The patients were divided into a fluorescent urine group and negative fluorescent urine group. Red fluorescence was observed in response to the 405 ± 1 nm laser beam for all tumors in the fluorescent urine group. Clear red fluorescence was not observed even with 405 ± 1 nm laser beam irradiation in any tumors in the negative fluorescent urine group. Preoperative prediction of the intraoperative fluorescence of PPIX can be achieved by observation of urine 2 hours after 5-ALA administration with exposure to a 405 ± 1 nm laser light.

关键词： 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Intraoperative Fluorescence Coproporphyrin protoporphyrin IX Urinary Porphyrin

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Liver disease and erythropoietic protoporphyria:A concise review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第36期16卷 4526-4531页

作者： María José Casanova-González María Trapero-Marugán E Anthony Jones Ricardo Moreno-Otero Department of the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas(CIBEREHD)Madrid 28006Spain

The porphyries are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by deficiencies in the activity of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of heme.In erythropoietic protoporphyria(EPP),in the majority of cases an autosomal dominant disease,there is a mutation of the gene that encodes ferrochelatase(FECH).FECH deficiency is associated with increased concentrations of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes,plasma,skin and liver.The prevalence of this inherited disorder oscillates between 1:75 000 and 1:200 000.Clinical manifestations of EPP appear in early infancy upon first exposure to the sun.Nevertheless,approximately 5%-20% of patients with EPP develop liver manifestations.Retention of protoporphyrin in the liver is associated with cholestatic phenomena and oxidative stress that predisposes to hepatobiliary disease of varying degrees of severity,such as cholelithiasis,mild parenchymal liver disease,progressive hepatocellular disease with end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure.Liver damage is the major risk in EPP patients,so surveillance and frequent clinical and biochemical liver follow-up is mandatory.The diagnostic approach consists in detecting increased levels of protoporphyrin,decreased activity of FECH and genetic analysis of the FECH gene.A variety of nonsurgical therapeutic approaches have been adopted for the management of EPP associated with liver disease,but none of these has been shown to be unequivocally efficacious.Nevertheless,some may have a place in preparing patients for liver transplantation.Liver transplantation does not correct the constitutional deficiency of FECH.Consequently,there is a risk of recurrence of liver disease after liver transplantation as a result of continuing overproduction of protoporphyrin.Some authors recommend that bone marrow transplantation should be considered in liver allograft recipients to prevent recurrence of hepatic disease.

关键词： Erythropoietic protoporphyria protoporphyrin Liver Ferrochelatase

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A Convenient Hydrogenation Method for the Synthesis of Metallo-mesoporphyrin IX Dimethyl Esters via Self-catalyzed CoCI2-NaBH4 Reagent System

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2012年第10期30卷 2461-2465页

作者：徐士超胡炳成胡田菁王欢黄修有娄兴焜刘祖亮 School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingJiangsu 210094China

A convenient protocol has been developed for the hydrogenation of metallo-protoporphyrin IX dimethyl esters （MPPDMEs） to their mesoporphyrin analogues using CoC12-NaBH4 reagent system. Metallo-porphyrin complexes were found to perform as self-catalysts in this procedure. This method provides several advantages such as safe and simple procedure, short reaction time, high yields and low cost.

关键词： protoporphyrin catalytic hydrogenation mesoporphyrin cobalt chloride sodium borohydride

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Letter to the editor: Diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria with severe liver injury-a case report

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第30期25卷 4292-4293页

作者： Debby Wensink Margreet AEM Wagenmakers JH Paul Wilson Janneke G Langendonk Porphyria Center Rotterdam Center for lysosomal and metabolic disease Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus University Medical Center

Erythropoietic protoporphyria(EPP)is an extremely rare disease which is often unrecognized as diagnosis.In the recent article Lui et al describe a patient with a new diagnosis of EPP with severe liver injury.Approximately 5%-20%of patients with EPP develop liver manifestations.The most severe complication of EPP is an hepatic crisis,which is a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment.Intensive treatment should consist of(exchange)transfusions and preferably in a center that performs liver transplantations.

关键词： Erythropoietic protoporphyria Liver disease Blood transfusion protoporphyrin IX Treatment

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Research Progress on Serum Porphyrin and Chronic Liver Disease

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Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 2022年第3期6卷 221-228页

作者： Xia Wang Yu Cai Weiqin Li Yuanyuan Jia Jiangfeng Fu Yaping Ni Kaige Liu Department of General Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical UniversityXi'an 710000China Department of General Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical UniversityXi'an 710000China Department of Neonatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710000China Faculty Development and Teaching Evaluation Office The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical UniversityXi'an 710000China Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710000China

Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of chronic liver cancer.At present,a breakthrough has been achieved in the development of chronic hepatitis C treatment,but there is no effective measure to completely cure chronic hepatitis B.Porphyrins are a class of macromolecular heterocyclic compounds formed by interconnecting the a-carbon atoms of four pyrrole-like substituents through hypomethyl bonds.Porphyrins and their derivatives widely exist in organelles related to energy transfer in organisms.They are mainly involved in the synthesis of heme in human body.Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin compound,15-20% of which is synthesized and utilized in the liver.Studies have found that porphyrin metabolism disorder can occur in patients with chronic liver disease.The early stage of viral hepatitis is accompanied by increased production of porphyrins and their compounds,increased levels of peripheral circulating porphyrins,porphyrin cholestasis,and biochemical changes of free porphyrins which precede the histological changes.The accumulation of serum and liver protoporphyrins and the oxidative stress can cause liver and extrahepatic damage.On the one hand,porphyrin metabolism disorder can aggravate chronic liver disease,and even progress to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.On the other hand,chronic liver disease can also aggravate porphyrin metabolism disorder,recurrent attacks,and damage to liver and extrahepatic tissues and organs.

关键词： Viral hepatitis Chronic hepatitis B Hemoglobin protoporphyrin Porphyrin

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Preliminary study of photodynamic diagnosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid in gastric and colorectal tumors

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第21期21卷 6706-6712页

作者： Munetaka Nakamura Jun Nishikawa Kouichi Hamabe Atsushi Goto Junichi Nishimura Hiroaki Shibata Misato Nagao Sho Sasaki Shinichi Hashimoto Takeshi Okamoto Isao Sakaida Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine

AIM:To investigate the utility of photodynamic diagnosis(PDD) using 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA) to detect gastric/colorectal tumors.METHODS:This prospective single-center study investigated inter-subject variability in patients with early-stage gastric/colorectal tumor indicated for endoscopic resection.Subjects were patients with gastric or colorectal tumors who had undergone endoscopic resection between November 2012 and November 2013.Selection criteria included age 20-80 years,either sex,and provision of informed consent.Patients were orally administered 20 mg/kg of 5-ALA enteric-coated capsules(SBI ALApromo Co.,Tokyo,Japan).Administration of5-ALA was followed by endoscopic resection of gastric or colorectal tumors,and the resected specimens were examined using a video autofluorescence processor and a fluorescence endoscope(SAFE-3000 and EB-1970 AK,respectively;Pentax,Tokyo,Japan).The primary endpoint was the presence of fluorescence in tumors.Endoscopic,macroscopic,and histopathologic findings of tumors were assessed.We also evaluated adverse events of the present procedure as a secondary endpoint and examined each patient for the presence of known adverse effects of 5-ALA,namely,hematocytopenia,liver dysfunction,hypotension,nausea,and photosensitivity.RESULTS:We enrolled 10 patients(7 men,3 women)(n = 13 lesions:10 gastric/3 colorectal tumors).Fluorescence was detected in 7/13(53.8%) lesions.No significant differences in sex(male:55.6%vs female:50.5%,P = 1.00),age(67.1 ± 1.9 years vs 65.0 ±2.0 years,P= 0.45),tumor color(reddish:60.0%vs discolored:33.3%,P = 0.56),tumor diameter(15.0± 2.1 mm vs 14.2 ± 2.3 mm,P= 0.80),macroscopic type(protruded:70.0%vs depressed 0%,P = 0.07),histologic type(differentiated type:58.3%vs 0%,P = 0.46),invasion depth(mucosal layer:55.6%vs submucosal layer:33.3%,P = 1.00),lymphatic invasion(present:33.3%vs absent:50.0%,P= 1.00),venous invasion(present:0%vs absent:54.5%,P= 1.00) or procedure time of endoscopic resection(36.3 ± 8.3 min vs 36.7 ± 9.0 min,P = 0.98) were observed between

关键词： Photodynamic diagnosis 5-aminolevulinicacid protoporphyrin IX, Gastric tumor Colorectaltumor

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Recent advances in photodynamic diagnosis of gastriccancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第3期22卷 1289-1296页

作者： Noriaki Koizumi Yoshinori Harada Takeo Minamikawa Hideo Tanaka Eigo Otsuji Tetsuro Takamatsu Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto 6028566Japan Division of Digestive Surgery Department of SurgeryGraduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto 6028566Japan Department of Surgery Nishijin HospitalKyoto 6028319Japan Department of Medical Photonics Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto 6028566Japan

Photodynamic diagnosis based on 5-aminolevulinic acidinduced protoporphyrin IX has been clinically applied in many fields based upon its evidenced efficacy and adequate safety. In order to establish a personalized medicine approach for treating gastric cancer patients, rapid intraoperative detection of malignant lesions has become important. Feasibility of photodynamic diagnosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid for gastric cancer patients has been investigated, especially for the detection of peritoneal dissemination and lymph node metastasis. This method enables intraoperative realtime fluorescence detection of peritoneal dissemination, exhibiting higher sensitivity than white light observation without histopathological examination. The method also enables detection of metastatic foci within excised lymph nodes, exhibiting a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of a current molecular diagnostics technique. Although several complicating issues still need to be resolved, such as the effect of tissue autofluorescence and the insufficient depth penetration of excitation light, this simple and rapid method has the potential to become a useful diagnostic tool for gastric cancer, as well as urinary bladder cancer and glioma.

关键词： Gastric cancer Photodynamic diagnosis 5-aminolevulinic acid protoporphyrin IX Lymph nodemetastasis Personalized medicine Peritoneal dissemination

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