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Partial Masquerading and Background Matching in Two Asian Box Turtle Species(Cuora spp.)

Asian Herpetological Research 2022年第3期13卷 168-179页

作者： Rongping BU Fanrong XIAO PGeorge LOVELL Jichao WANG Haitao SHI Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesHainan Normal UniversityHaikou 571158HainanChina Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences School of Applied SciencesAbertay UniversityDundee DDI 1HGUK

Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their ***,studies of camouflage strategies have not always quantified the effect of multiple strategies used *** the present study,we used a human visual model to quantify similarities in color and shape between the carapace patterns of two Cuora species and their preferred *** results showed that the color of the middle stripe on the carapace of Cuora galbinifrons(Indochinese box turtle)was significantly similar to the color of their preferred ***,the middle stripe on the carapace of ***(keeled box turtle)contrasted more with their preferred substrates,and the side stripe matched most closely with the ***,the carapace side stripe of *** and the carapace middle stripe of *** highly contrasted with their preferred *** quantified the similarity in shape between the highcontrast stripes of both Cuora species and leaves from their *** carapace middle stripe of *** was most similar in shape to leaves from the broadleaves substrate,and the carapace side stripe of *** was the most similar in shape to leaves from the bamboo-leaves *** determined that these species adopt partial masquerading when their entire carapace is exposed and partially match their background when they semi-cover themselves in leaf *** the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to demonstrate that partial masquerading and background matching improve the camouflage effect of Asian box turtles in their preferred *** is a novel study focusing on the influence of the shape and color of individual carapace segments on reducing detectability and recognition.

关键词： camouflage Cuoragalbinifrons Cuora mouhoti patterns protective coloration

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The function of animal ‘eyespots’:Conspicuousness but not eye mimicry is key

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Current Zoology 2009年第5期55卷 319-326页

作者： Martin STEVENS Abi CANTOR Julia GRAHAM Isabel S.WINNEY Department of Zoology University of CambridgeDowning Street

Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called ＇eyespots＇, which intimidate predators, preventing or halting an attack. It has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of larger animals, but recent experiments have indicated that conspicuousness and contrast is important in eyespot function, and not eye mimicry. We undertake two further experiments to distinguish between the conspicuousness and mimicry hypotheses, by using artificial prey presented to wild avian predators in the field. In experiment 1, we test if eyespot effectiveness depends on the marking shape （bar or circle） and arrangement （eye-like and non-eye-like positions）. We find no difference between shapes or arrangement; all spots were equally effective in scaring birds. In experiment 2, we test if the often yellow and black colors of eyespots mimic the eyes of birds of prey. We find no effect of shape, and no advantage to yellow and black spots over non-eye-like but equally conspicuous colors. The consistent finding is that eyespot function lies in being a conspicuous signal to predators, and not necessarily due to eye mimicry [ Current Zoology 55 （5）： 319 - 326, 2009].

关键词： Eyespots Conspicuousness Mimicry Predation protective coloration

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Mimicry and masquerade from the avian visual perspec-tive

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 630-648页

作者： Mary Caswell STODDARD Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3E J UK

Several of the most celebrated examples of visual mimicry, like mimetic eggs laid by avian brood parasites and pala-table insects mimicking distasteful ones, involve signals directed at the eyes of birds. Despite this, studies of mimicry from the avian visual perspective have been rare, particularly with regard to defensive mimicry and masquerade. Defensive visual mimicry, which includes Batesian and Mtillerian mimicry, occurs when organisms share a visual signal that functions to deter predators. Masquerade occurs when an organism mimics an inedible or uninteresting object, such as a leaf, stick, or pebble. In this paper, I present five case studies covering diverse examples of defensive mimicry and masquerade as seen by birds. The best-known cases of defensive visual mimicry typically come from insect prey, but birds themselves can exhibit defensive visual mimicry in an at- tempt to escape mobbing or dissuade avian predators. Using examples of defensive visual mimicry by both insects and birds, I show how quantitative models of avian color, luminance, and pattern vision can be used to enhance our understanding of mimicry in many systems and produce new hypotheses about the evolution and diversity of signals. Overall, I investigate examples of Batesian mimicry （1 and 2）, Miillerian mimicry （3 and 4）, and masquerade （5） as follows： 1） Polymorphic mimicry in African mocker swallowtail butterflies; 2） Cuckoos mimicking sparrowhawks; 3） Mimicry rings in Neotropical butterflies; 4） Plumage mimicry in toxic pitohuis; and 5） Dead leaf-mimicking butterflies and mantids.

关键词： Mimicry Masquerade protective coloration Avian vision Pattern Luminance

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