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Spread of Commercial Bribery and private sector Responsibilities in China

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China Economist 2015年第5期10卷 92-105页

作者：刘戒骄王德华 Institute of Industrial Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing

After years of governance, the momentum of the spread of commercial bribery in China has yet to be effectively curbed. Commercial bribery has become a major form ofcorruption in China, but there are very jew studies on this topic. This paper discusses commercial briber）, in terms of economics on transactions between the supplier （the bribegiver） and the demander （the bribe-taker）, analyzing reasons for the spread of commercial briberyin China from an economic perspective. The authors find that China＇s commercial bribery governance focuses on punishing the public sector and bribe-takers while it lacks sufficient governance measures on the private sector to address bribe-givers. This form of governance is dramatically different from that utilized in countries with mature market economies as well as some international organizations, which have different measures fortackling commercial bribery. Does governance have a causal effect on the spread of commercial bribery in China？The authors use penalty severity to indicate the private sector ＇srole and use a commercial bribery game under perfect rationality and evolutionary game theory models under bounded rationality to reveal the conditions and mechanism of the origin and spread of commercial bribery. The authors also analyze the role of the private sector （the potential bribe-giver） and the role of the punishment mechanism in commercial bribery governance. Results show that the penalties for bribe-giving are less severe than penaltiesfor bribe-taking. There is an especially clear asymmetric relationship between economic penalties for the bribe-giverand economic benefits gained from bribing, and the authors propose that this disparity is the institutional cause of the spread of commercial bribery in China. Froma local equilibrium and static perspective, asymmetric punishment is important for breaking down the alliance between the bribe-giver and the bribe-taken But from the general equilibrium and dynamic perspective, asy

关键词： commercial bribery punishment mechanism private sector evolutionary game

International private sector Participation in Water Governance in China under CEWP in the Future

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2013年第6期2卷 319-336页

作者： Fang Dong China Institute of Boundary and Ocean Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430 072 China UNESCO IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law Policy and Science The University of Dundee Dundee DD1 4NB UK

Water utility is considered as unique among all the natural monopolies. Overseas private sector involvement in water utility operation has been always being a sensitive topic in China. Overseas investment and engagement has happened progressively in spite of implicit and explicit barriers within China. Reviewing past foreign investments in water supply and sanitation in China, experiences and lessons co-existed, based on the combined analysis both concerning the past practices and current new possibilities, the future cooperation on international private sector participation can be looked forward to.

关键词： CEWP (China Europe Water Platform) water utilities international private sector practices barriers approach cooperation.

Taizhou Model:Institutional Innovation and the Development of private Economy

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China & World Economy 2008年第3期16卷 106-119页

作者： Qian Tao Shi Jinchuan Doctor of Economics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China E-mail： qiantaochew@sina. com. Shi Jinchuan Professor School of Economics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China School of Economics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

Based on the case of Taizhou City in Zhejiang Province, the present paper investigates the mechanism of the interaction between the local government and private enterprise in the process of regional economic development. We identify the ＂Taizhou Model＂ as a model of institutional innovation and the development of private economy, which is private sectorinduced and local government-promoted. Indeed, the impact of such mechanisms has had a significant influence on the reforms and development of China＇s economic system.

关键词： development institutional innovation private sector Taizhou Model

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我国私营部门内商业贿赂犯罪之立法完善

Is convenience really king?Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam:a longitudinal patient cost study

刑事法学 2007年第10期 128-132页

作者：段启俊周后有

《联合国反腐败公约》第21条规定了有关私营部门内的贿赂犯罪，包括向私营部门工作人员行贿犯罪和私营部门工作人员受贿犯罪。与之相比较，我国有关私营部门内商业贿赂犯罪的规定尚存差距，主要表现在：主体范围比《反腐公约》窄；贿赂... 详细信息

《联合国反腐败公约》第21条规定了有关私营部门内的贿赂犯罪，包括向私营部门工作人员行贿犯罪和私营部门工作人员受贿犯罪。与之相比较，我国有关私营部门内商业贿赂犯罪的规定尚存差距，主要表现在：主体范围比《反腐公约》窄；贿赂的范围比《反腐公约》窄；行贿方式规定单一；对商业受贿犯罪贿赂的归属规定不明；入罪范围比《反腐公约》窄。具体的立法完善建议：修正罪名；完善体系；扩大贿赂的范围；扩大行贿罪的行为方式；取消有关数额的规定，将数额犯修改为情节犯。

关键词：《反腐公约》私营部门商业贿赂犯罪立法完善 United Nations Convention Against Corruption private sector commercial bribery crime legislative perfection

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第2期13卷 17-28页

作者： Hoa Binh Nguyen Luan Nguyen Quang Vo Rachel Jeanette Forse Anja Maria Christine Wiemers Huy Ba Huynh Thuy Thi Thu Dong Yen Thi Hoang Phan Jacob Creswell Thi Minh Ha Dang Lan Huu Nguyen Jad Shedrawy Knut Lönnroth Tuan Dinh Nguyen Luong Van Dinh Kristi Sidney Annerstedt Andrew James Codlin National Lung Hospital Ha NoiViet Nam Friends for International TB Relief Ha NoiViet Nam Department of Global Public Health WHO Collaboration Centre On Tuberculosis and Social MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden Stop TB Partnership GenevaSwitzerland Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam

Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(TB)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector ***,persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility,convenience,and *** study aimed to measure income changes,costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private *** Between October 2020 and March 2022,we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews,among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program(NTP)in Ha Noi,Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City,Viet *** a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool,participants were interviewed during the intensive phase,continuation phase and *** compared income levels,direct and indirect treatment costs,catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate *** The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort(USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010).However,private sector treatment was also significantly costlier(USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005),driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants(USD 754 vs USD 164;Pprivate:55%vs NTP:52%;P=0.675).Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household[adjusted odds ratio[(a OR=13.71;95%confidence interval(CI):1.36-138.14;P=0.026)],unemployment during treatment(a OR=10.86;95%CI:2.64-44.60;Pprivate *** costs coul

关键词： Tuberculosis Patient cost Catastrophic cost private sector Comparative analysis Viet Nam

The Pursuit of Unhappiness:The Ground Theory to Explain Why People Choose to Be Unhappy Rather Than Happy

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Psychology Research 2023年第2期13卷 51-59页

作者： Michael Galanakis Hellenic Open University PatrasGreece

This article presents a ground theory to explain why some individuals choose to be unhappy rather than happy,supported by empirical data collected from a sample of 750 professionals in Greece’s public and private *** begin by reviewing the existing literature on happiness and well-being,highlighting the debate between hedonic and eudaimonic *** then introduce our research questions and rationale,and describe our methods,sample,and psychometric tools used to measure happiness and other variables of *** results indicate that various factors,including cultural influences,past experiences,and personal values,contribute to individuals’pursuit of *** conclude with a thorough discussion of our results and their implications for future research and interventions aimed at promoting well-being.

关键词： unhappiness happiness ground theory empirical data public sector private sector Greece X2 Models R squared

Customer Satisfaction at Galen House, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 2019

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2021年第1期11卷 70-79页

作者： Munekayi Padingani Nothando Dube Simbarashe Chiwanda Notion Gombe Gerald Shambira Ms T. Juru Peter Nsubuga Mufuta Tshimanga Department of Community medicine University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe Galen House 24 Hours Medical Practice Bulawayo City Zimbabwe

Introduction: Healthcare industries have seen recent movements towards continuous quality improvement. The healthcare regulators shifted towards a market-driven approach of turning patient satisfaction surveys into a quality improvement tool for overall organizational performance. Data concerning this has remained limited in private sector in Zimbabwe. Thus, this study aims to determine patients and health workers perception about health services offered at Galen house in order to enable the institution to come up with evidence-based interventions to improve the quality of healthcare services. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. It was a mixed qualitative and quantitative study involving data collected from patients/ guardians and health workers at Galen House from January 2019 to March of the same year. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel version 2013. Results: There were a total of 270 patients involved into the study. 173 (64%) perceived the waiting before services as good. 213 (79%) perceived the total waiting time as not long. Privacy 215 (80%) and confidentiality 223 (83%) perceived as good by patients. More than 50% of health workers perceived health services offered at Galen House as good. Staff attitude was perceived as good 191 (71%) by patients in contrary to some instance by health workers. Affordability of services was perceived as manageable. Conclusion: The total waiting time was perceived as not long at Galen House. Staff attitude was perceived differently by patients and health workers. Improving those two will contribute to more utilization of services by the community.

关键词： Patient Satisfactory Survey private sector Patient Waiting Time Patient Privacy Patient Confidentiality Patient Affordability

Research on the “Visible Indicators” of Good Governance

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海外英语 2017年第9期 221-221页

作者：田汶灵南充职业技术学院外语系

In recent years, researching on"good governance"has become so prevalent that it almost catches every department’s attention, not only the public sector, but the private sector, and the international organizations are committed to providing good governance. As it is hard to judge whether the governance is good or not by a uniform and precise standard, this article aims to analysis it from the perspective of "visible indicators". "Visible indicators" here indicates the criteria based on performance and outcomes which have been published by authoritative organizations such as UNDP, which consist of accountability, rule of law, transparency,effectiveness and efficiency, equity and inclusiveness. The following contents keep close eyes on measurement of governance in terms of different indicators and illustrate the concepts by definite case analysis.

关键词： good governance public sector private sector Hong Kong

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