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Generation-expansion planning with linearized primary frequency response constraints

Global Energy Interconnection 2020年第4期3卷 346-354页

作者： Zihan Wang Jianxiao Wang Gengyin Li Ming Zhou School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206P.R.China

As renewable energy resources increasingly penetrate the electric grid,the inertia capability of power systems has become a developmental bottleneck.Nevertheless,the importance of primary frequency response(PFR)when making generation-expansion plans has been largely ignored.In this paper,we propose an optimal generation-expansion planning framework for wind and thermal power plants that takes PFR into account.The model is based on the frequency equivalent model.It includes investment,startup/shutdown,and typical operating costs for both thermal and renewable generators.The linearization constraints of PFR are derived theoretically.Case studies based on the modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with methods that ignore PFR,the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the cost of the entire planning and operation cycle,improving the accommodation rate of renewable energy.

关键词： frequency equivalent model Generation expansion planning Inertia primary frequency response

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Optimal generation mix for frequency response adequacy in future power system

能源与人工环境(英文)

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能源与人工环境(英文) 2021年第3期2卷 243-250页

作者： Vivek Prakash Kailash Chand Sharma Rohit Bhakar School of Automation Banasthali VidyapithRajasthanIndia Department of Electrical Engineering NIT JalandharIndia Department of Electrical Engineering Malaviya National Institute of TechnologyJaipurIndia

Strict enforcement of government policies to integrate high generation share from renewable energy sources(RES)like wind and PV would create inevitable operational challenges for the utilities to deliver frequency response(FR)services.Uncertain RES generation characteristics would worsen the situation for SO,to detain initial frequency deviation following the largest generation outage.This necessitates investigation of optimal generator combination for securing PFR adequacy with simultaneous characterization of uncertainty.In this regard,this paper proposes a novel Modified Interval(MI)based optimal generation mix formulation for operation cost minimization and FR adequacy.RES uncertainty is characterised by forecasted upper and lower bound,while hourly ramp needs are based on the net load scenarios.Proposed model is assessed on one area IEEE reliability test system.Rate of change of frequency(ROCOF)and frequency deviation are considered as network security limits to obtain optimal generation mix.Results obtained provide,overall cost performance,PFR and optimal generation mix,without violating system security criteria.This model would certainly assist SO,to enhance system’s inertia and PFR adequacy at short-term system operations and could be extended for long-term planning framework.

关键词： frequency response Generation mix Inertial response Net load primary frequency response System security Unit commitment

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Power System frequency Control by Battery Energy Storage System

Power System Frequency Control by Battery Energy Storage Sys...

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作者： Manesh Kumar Ochani 山东大学

学位级别：硕士

Micro grids are being another creating innovation operation in two particular methods of activity,in particular,the grid-connected mode and the self-governing（or islanded）mode.On the move from the utility-grid associated mode to the independent mode,the frequency of a micro-grid can be truly influenced because of unbalance between power generated and power request and right then and there,micro-sources may react gradually to dispose of this unbalancing circumstance.To fathom this interference and to work the micro grid relentlessly,some quick reaction storage system frameworks,in particular Battery Energy Storage Systems（BESSs）are required.Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into the Conventional Power plants have been a necessity of today’s World to satisfy the heavy demand and to promote the pollution-free environment.Converters play a vital role in controlling the output of these RES’s and convert the D.C output power of RES’s into A.C usable power.While these converters had gained a huge popularity due to its fast and controllable output power,at the same time it has disconnected the grid frequency from the generator’s rotor.This means no control over the grid frequency changes as the generator is unable to provide inertial response,primary frequency response,and Damping response to the system.All large generating plant,and groups of smaller generators（such as wind farms）,are normally required to have capability to participate in frequency control by supplying an increase in power if frequency drops below,and a decrease in power if frequency increases above a nominal frequency.This is achieved by operation at less than maximum available output in order to provide ability to regulate power production upwards.Generators which do not operate to provide this governor type response will normally still need to provide a high frequency response where active power is gradually reduced above a certain frequency.During low frequency no increase in active power is required,in fact an allowed reduction in power is sp

关键词： Battery Energy Storage System primary frequency response Inertial response Damping response Non-inertial nature

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