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Advances in reduction of NO_x and N_2O emission formation in an oxy-fired fluidized bed boiler

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019年第2期27卷 426-443页

作者： Khalid El Sheikh Mohammad Jakir Hossain Khan Mahar Diana Hamid Siddhartha Shrestha Brahim Si Ali G.A.Ryabov Lya A.Dolgushin Mohd Azlan Hussain Tatiana V.Bukharkina Elena A.Gorelova Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems Department of Chemical Engineering Monash University All-Russian Thermal Engineering Institute VTI

Fossil fuel combustion is one of the major means to meet the mounting global energy demand. However, the increasing NO_x and N_2 O emissions arising from fossil fuel combustion process have hazardous effects. Thus, mitigating these gases is vital to attain a sustainable environment. Interestingly, oxy-fuel combustion in fluidized bed for carbon capture and minimized NO_x emissions is strongly sustainable compare to the other approaches. It was assessed that NO_x formation and fuel-N conversion have significant limitation under oxy-fluidized bed compared to air mode and the mechanism of NO_x formation is still deficient and requires further development. In addition, this review paper discussed the potential of primary measure as low emission process with others supplementary techniques for feasible NO_x reduction. The influences of combustion mode, operating parameters, and reduction techniques such as flue gas recirculation, oxygen staging, biomass co-firing, catalyst, influence of fluidized bed design and structure, decoupling combustion and their merges are respectively evaluated. Findings show that significant minimization of NO_x emission can be achieved through combination of primary and secondary reduction techniques.

关键词： Oxy-fuel combustion Fluidized bed technology Biomass blend primary/secondary measures NOx emission

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Zebrafish Wnt9b Patterns the First Pharyngeal Arch into D-I-V Domains and Promotes Anterior-Medial Outgrowth

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2015年第3期5卷 57-83页

作者： Henry Wells Jackson Divakar Prakash Mark Litaker Tracie Ferreira Peter A. Jezewski Department of Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Institute of Oral Health Research Birmingham USA Department of Clinical and Community Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Birmingham USA Department of Bioengineering University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Dartmouth MA USA Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Birmingham AL USA

Disrupted morphogenesis and growth of the embryonic maxillary jaw lead to oral facial clefting in humans (OFC) and result in an incompletely formed secondary mouth and face. A requirement for Wnt signaling and Wnt9b in particular are postulated in the etiology of OFC from association studies in humans and from animal models. Loss of murine Wnt9b leads to reduced upper jaw (maxillary) outgrowth and OFC, though the signaling architecture leading to this phenotype is poorly understood. Previous murine Wnt9b studies largely overlooked cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) patterning events and instead focused on later events during fusion of facial prominences. Using zebrafish and a morpholino-mediated knockdown approach, we demonstrate functional requirements for Wnt9b signaling during two crucial stages of facial development: 1) CNCC patterning into Dorsal-Intermediate-Ventral (D-I-V) domains;and 2) facial outgrowth during the primary to secondary mouth transition (PM to SM). Zebrafish embryos deficient for Wnt9b (Wnt9b morphants) exhibit an open bite with fused jaw joints as well as a flat face. Open bite and jaw joint fusion in Wnt9b morphants phenocopies characteristics of edn1 pathway is mutant zebrafish with disrupted D-I-V patterning of CNCC. Expression studies show Wnt9b morphants exhibit perturbed expression of edn1 signaling targets including dlx2a, jag1b, and msxe, consistent with disrupted CNCC patterning. Wnt9b morphant upper jaws have stunted outgrowth reminiscent of murine Wnt9b mutants and Wnt9b morphant skulls phenocopy the broad class of foreshortened skull zebrafish mutants known as hammerheads. Wnt9b morphants show upregulated expression of pitx2a after the opening of the primary mouth and disrupted expression of Wnt5b which is consistent with disrupted chondrocyte stacking. Strong upregulation of dorsal mesodermal frzb expression in the prechordal plate of Wnt9b morphants suggests a role for Wnt9b in primary mouth induction or maintenance. Collectively

关键词： Cleft Morphogenesis Patterning Cranial Neural Crest Cell Pharyngeal Arch primary/secondary Mouth

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