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Shape reconstructions and morphing kinematics of an eagle during perching manoeuvres

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Chinese Physics B 2020年第2期29卷 327-336页

作者：唐迪刘大伟朱海黄喜鹏范忠勇雷鸣霞 College of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310014China High Speed Aerodynamic Institute China Aerodynamics Research and Development CenterMianyang 621000China Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Hangzhou 310014China

The key to high manoeuvre ability in bird flight lies in the combined morphing of wings and *** perching of a wild Haliaeetus Albicilla without running or wing flapping is recorded and investigated using a high-speed digital video.A shape reconstruction method is proposed to describe wing contours and tail contours during *** avian airfoil geometries of the Aquila Chrysaetos are extracted from noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER 3D laser *** wing planform,chord distribution and twist distribution are fitted in convenient analytical expressions to obtain a 3D wing geometry.A three-jointed arm model is proposed to associate with the 3D wing geometry,while a one-joint arm model is proposed to describe the kinematics of ***,a 3D bird model is *** perching sequences of the wild eagle are recaptured and regenerated with the proposed 3D bird model.A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is applied in the aerodynamic predictions,a four-step Adams-Bashforth method is used to calculate the ordinary differential equations,thus a BFGS based optimization method is established to predict the perching motions.

关键词： large bird of prey shape reconstruction morphing kinematic perching

Predation pressure in maize across Europe and in Argentina: an intercontinental comparison

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Insect Science 2019年第3期26卷 545-554页

作者： Marco Ferrante Gabor L. Lovei Serena Magagnoli Lenka Minarcikova Elena Larisa Tomescu Giovanni Burgio Ludovit Cagan Mihael Cristin Ichim Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Flakkebjerg Research Centre Forgssvej 1 DK4200 Slagelse Denmark Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Area Entomologia Universita di Bologna Bologna Italy Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources Slovak Agricultural University Tr. A. Hlinku 2 SK-949 76 Nitra Slovakia ANIRDBS/"Stejarul" Research Centre for Biological Sciences 6 Alexandru cel Bun St. Piatra Neamt 610004 Romania

Humankind draws important benefits from large-scale ecological processes termed ecosystem services, yet the status of several of them is declining. Reliable monitoring methods are essential for tracking the status of ecosystem services. Predation is the mainstay of natural pest control, a key ecosystem service. We used green plasticine caterpillars to monitor predation pressure, and to obtain baseline data on predator activity in transgenic Bt versus non-Bt maize fields in Old and New World countries. Predation pressure was measured at ground and canopy levels using an identical, small-plot experimental design in four European countries (Denmark, Slovakia, Romania and Italy) and Argentina. Total predation rate in maize was l l.7%d^-1 (min. 7.2%d^-1 in Argentina, max. 29.0%d^-1 in Romania). Artificial caterpillars were attacked both by invertebrates (mostly chewing insects with 42.0% of the attack marks, and ants with 7.1%, but also predatory and parasitoid wasps, spiders and slugs), and vertebrates (small mammals 25.5%, and birds 20.2%). Total predation at ground level (15.7%d^-1) was significantly higher than in maize canopies (6.0%d^-1) in all countries, except Argentina. We found no significant differences between predator pressure in Bt versus non-Bt maize plots. The artificial caterpillar method provided comparable, quantitative data on predation intensity, and proved to be suitable for monitoring natural pest control. This method usefully expands the existing toolkit by directly measuring ecological function rather than structure.

关键词： artificial caterpillars ecosystem services mortality sentinel prey transgenic plants

Predation risk assessment based on uncertain information: interacting effects of known and unknown cues

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Current Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 75-76页

作者： Laurence E. A. Feyten Ebony E. M. Demers Indar W. Ramnarine Grant E. Brown Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Streeet West Montreal Quebec Canada H4B 1R6 Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

prey use reliable public information in order to assess local habitat condirions such as predation risks, competitive interactions, and foraging opportunities (Dall et al. 2005), allowing for context appropriate behavioral decisions. However, public information can often differ widely in reliability (Feyten and Brown 2018), increasing the potential costs associated with behavioral decision making (Dall et al. 2005). The reliability of public information is expected to decrease with in creased un certainty of environmental conditio ns (Koops 2004;Dall et al. 2005), where ecological uncertainty is the ambiguity about the current state of the environment due to imperfect or incomplete information (Dall et al. 2005;Munoz and Blumstein 2012;Feyten and Brown 2018).

关键词： prey environmental conditio

FEEDING OF ACANTHOCYLOPS ROBUSTUS ON ZOOPLANKTON

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1996年第1期14卷 17-26页

作者：杨宇峰 Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hydrobiological Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bedějovice Czech Republic

Feeding of freshwater cyclopoid copepod Acanthocyclops robustus on zooplankton was examined by aseries of feeding experiments during August-September of 1993. Study results showed A. robustus can cap-ture and eat all type items provided from the Staly Haklovsky fishpond, a shallow eutrophic water bodynear Budejovice City, Czech Republic. Selation by the predator was determined largely by prey body-sizeand density, but was also affected by prey types. Variable but significant changes in feeding rates werefound in various size distribution and concentration of prey types. Percentages of small (80-235μm)andlarge (445-6l0μm) prey consumed were 42.47 and 3.85%, *** did not cause statisticallysignificant difference. The feeding on Ceriodaphnia quadrangula showed significant difference between largeand small *** rate increased with increasing prey concentration.

关键词： feeding zooplankton body-size concentration behavior prey types

Climatic niche defines geographical distribution of Mesobuthus eupeus mongolicus(Scorpiones:Buthidae) in Gobi desert

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Zoological Systematics 2015年第3期40卷 339-348页

作者： Cheng-Min Shi Hong-Bin Liang Dorjsuren Altanchimeg Nonnaizab Chultem Chuluunjav De-Xing Zhang State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences College of Life Science and Technology Inner Mongolia Normal University Plant Protection Research Institute Mongolian State University of Agriculture

Scorpion fauna of Mongolia, which are thus far poorly understood, were investigated country-wide during a China-Mongolia joint field survey from 2009 to 2012. Of the total 134 sites we surveyed, scorpions were found at 10 sites in the southern Gobi regions, Umnugovi and Dornogovi Aimags （Provinces） of Mongolia. All scorpions collected from Mongolia belong to a single species, Mesobuthus eupeus mongolicus. Combining with its occurrence records in China, we assembled 98 presence data for M. eupeus mongolicus and predicted its geographical distribution using ecological niche modeling approach. This species occurs exclusively in the arid deserts and steppes, ranging from the west extreme of Junggar Basin （Xinjiang） to the Gobi deserts in North China and South Mongolia, with its distributional margins set by the Altai Mountains in the north, the Tian-Shan Mountains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the south, and the Loess Plateau in the east. We found that ecological niche models could accurately predict （AUC = 0.880 ± 0.016） geographic distribution of M. eupeus mongolicus. Our results show that climate is a reliable predictor for the geographic range of M. eupeus mongolicus, implying that climate might have exerted a dominant control over the natural occurrence of this species. A brief note on the ecology ofM. eupeus mongolicus was also provided,

关键词： Scorpion fauna ecological niche modeling prey Mongolia China.

Food Habits of the Grassland Wolf in Inner Mongolia of China

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Journal of Forestry Research 1998年第1期9卷 40-43页

作者：张洪海张建民王转斌高中信庞元

In this paper, food habits of the wolf (Canis lupus) was determined in Inner Monolia, using scat analysis. Results indicated that ungulates were the staple food items(frequency 53.8%, relative biomass 85.2%). In the scats, animals was 40.3% by the frequency of occurrence, and 75.7% by the relative biomass. Compared with the food habits of wolves in Heilongjiang Province, wolves showed a different pattern in prey selection in this ergion. In this study, we estimated the relative biomass of food items, and amount of each prey ingested by a wolf, based on a linear regression equation, y=2.76+0.02x(r=0.997), which was obtained in the feeding trials, It is suggerted that wolves are opportunistic predator. Some suggestions for wolf conservation and management were disussed.

关键词： Wolf Canis lupus Food habits prey selection

A combined airfoil with secondary feather inspired by the golden eagle and its influences on the aerodynamics

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Chinese Physics B 2019年第3期28卷 246-255页

作者：唐迪范忠勇雷鸣霞吕彬彬余立崔浩 College of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology High Speed Aerodynamic Institute China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute of AVIC

Bird flight is a remarkable adaption that has allowed thousands of species to colonize all terrestrial habitats. A golden eagle has impressive flying abilities, such as hovering, perching, preying and attacking. To reveal the flying abilities, avian geometry of a golden eagle was extracted based on noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER three-dimensional laser scanner. Distributions of a camber line, thickness and a secondary feather line of the extracted point cloud were fitted using convenient analytical expressions. A traditional airfoil was established with the camber line and thickness, then a combined airfoil was constructed by combining the traditional airfoil with a secondary feather. Oscillations of an airfoil as well as rapid pitch up were simplified as a sine wave around the quarter chord axis. Thereafter, both steady and unsteady aerodynamic performances of the airfoil are computed, the influences of the secondary feather on the steady and unsteady aerodynamics were further studied.

关键词： aerodynamics large prey secondary feather three-dimensional scanning

On Fuzzy Control of Soybean Aphid

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Applied Mathematics 2016年第17期7卷 2149-2164页

作者： Magda S. Peixoto Laécio C. Barros Rodney C. Bassanezi Odair A. Fernandes Universidade Federal de Sã o Carlos (UFSCar) Sorocaba Brazil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil Universidade EstadualPaulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Brazil

This paper uses a methodology based in Fuzzy Sets Theory in order to describe the interaction between the prey, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)—the soybean aphid, and its predator, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and to propose a biological control to soybean aphid. Economic thresholds were already developed for this pest. The model includes biotic (predator) and abiotic (temperature) factors, which affect the soybean aphid population dynamics. The dynamic model results in a fuzzy model that preserves the biological meaning and nature of the predator-prey model. The paper also includes a comparison between the fuzzy model and real data reported in the literature. Subsequently, we propose a biological control to soybean aphid by another fuzzy rule-based system. This model has allowed to predict timing and releasing number of predators for soybean aphid biological control. On the one hand, the soybean aphid has still not found in Brazil. Therefore, before any eventual invasion, a predictive model to enhance biological control program is desirable. On the other hand, the soybean aphid has become the most devastating insect pest of soybeans in the United States. Brazil is the second largest exporter of soybean at present, after the USA and before Argentina. According to the Bureau of Agriculture of the USA, it has been estimated that Brazil will be the largest soybean exporter in 2023.

关键词： Fuzzy Sets Fuzzy Systems Mamdani Inference Method prey Predator Control

The nestling diet of fairy pitta <i>pitta nympha</i>on Jeju Island, Korea

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第4期2卷 178-182页

作者： Eun-Mi Kim Chan-Ryul Park Chang-Wan Kang Se-Jae Kim Department of Biology Jeju National University Jeju Korea The Korea Association for Bird Protection Jeju Branch Seogwipo Korea Warm-temperate Forest Research Center Korea Forest Research Institute Seogwipo Korea Warm-temperate Forest Research Center Korea Forest Research Institute Seogwipo Korea Division of Forest Ecology Korea Forest Research Institute Seoul Korea

The nestling diet of the Fairy Pitta (pitta nympha) was studied by videotaping during breeding period in Jeju Island, 2009. Earthworms of several species were the most common food resources for nestlings, averaging 82% of all items, followed by 4% of Homoptera larvae. The remaining was only rarely recorded, including Lepidopteran larvae and adults, slugs, spiders, beetle adults and larvae (Coleoptera) and grasshoppers. Adults provided the number of preys ranging from 1 to 7 items to chicks per one visit. The average value of prey number per visit was 3.0 (SD = 1.38). The estimated average length of prey was 5.7 cm (SD = 2.85), and 96% of the food items were smaller than 10 cm. The staying time for feeding in an early stage was longer than other stages. Provision rate at a forenoon (mean ± SD, 14.7 ± 4.92) and an afternoon time (15.8 ± 5.30) was not significantly higher than that of noon time (11.7 ± 4.49). These results provide basic information for conservation action of international endangered species of this species.

关键词： Earthworm prey Availability prey Size Rainfalls Videotaping