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population growth and Sustainability of Common Property Resource Management Systems in the Eastern Hindu Kush:The Use of Communal Fodder Resources in Mehlp Valley,North Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第4期6卷 380-393页

作者： Fazlur-Rahman Department of Geography Urban & Regional Planning University of PeshawarUniversity Town

In common property studies,increasing number of users has been considered as a major threat for the long-term sustainability of natural resources. This perception has been true in a few cases. However,the 40-years empirical research conducted in a variety of environmental settings,reveals that population pressure is not the only factor responsible for the degradation of natural resources. In remote areas,where the local inhabitants highly depend on available natural resources for subsistence livelihood,the economically important resources are kept under different ownership regimes. The local inhabitants have established autochthonous insti-tutions,and formulated rules and regulations for proper management of these resources. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the response of a small fodder user community to the increasing population. For this purpose a micro-level study has been conducted in a remote mountain environment in the eastern Hindu Kush. For this research,data has been collected through fieldwork and focus group discussion. The results of this study reveal that fodder user communities have responded very well to the problem of population pressure. To maintain equity and long-term sustainability they have adopted a number of strategies including changing the ownership,and a resource kept under private ownership at the time of low population has been changed to a common property with increase in population. Based on this study it can be concluded that in mountainous areas and fragile environment the local inhabitant have both the capacity and capability to change their behaviour with regard to changing resource productivity as well as increasing number of users,and this situation does not always lead to the tragedy of commons.

关键词： Mixed mountain agriculture Tragedy of the commons Livelihood strategies population growth

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population growth，economic growth，technology changes in relation to environmental changes──A theoretical modelling analysis of environmental changes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1994年第4期6卷 412-421页

作者： Hu Angang(Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences ,Chinese Acaderny of Sciences. Beijing 100085 , China)

This paper mainly deals with the impact of three major factors , namely population growth,economic growth and technology changes, on the changes of environmental quality. It presents a curve ofenvironmental changes in relation to demographic transition and process of industrialization. It concludesthat a major way of improving environmental quality is to intensify pollution decreasing technical factorsand that control of population growth will also reduce the pressure on the environment.

关键词： population growth economic growth environmental changes ttchnolilgy change.

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Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers(BDE-47,BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第2期27卷 54-63页

作者： Jingjing Sha You Wang Jianxia Lv Hong Wang Hongmei Chen Leilei Qi Xuexi Tang Department of Marine Ecology College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Thermo Fisher Scientific (Beijing) Co. Ltd.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDEs） are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants（POPs） and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE（BDE-47）and deca-BDE（BDE-209） were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that：（1） The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and-209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer） were much lower than their nominal concentrations.（2） In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209.（3） Both BDE-47 and-209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females（OF/NOF）, the ratio of mictic females/amictic females（MF/AF）, resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and-209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.

关键词： BDE-47 BDE-209 Brachionus plicatilis Swimming inhibition population growth Reproductive toxicity

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The 5.5 cal ka BP climate event, population growth, circumscription and the emergence of the earliest complex societies in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第2期61卷 134-148页

作者： WU WenXiang ZHENG HongBo HOU Mei GE QuanSheng Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Research Center for Earth System Science Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The emergence of complex society is a milestone in the history of human society evolution. China is one of the few regions in the world where the earliest complex society appeared; however, its driving mechanisms remain unresolved. On the base of available evidence from both archaeology and Holocene climate, in combination with agency theory, this study attempts to address the driving mechanisms for the simultaneous emergence of complex societies in multiple areas of China around 5.5 cal ka BP. It is hypothesized that three factors, including climate change, population growth, and circumscription, jointly act and cause regional population-resource imbalance and trigger inter-group conflicts and wars. Such competitions provide the opportunity for some power-pursuing agents to break the restriction of social leveling mechanism and to become the centralized decision-making leaders, which further lead to the emergence of incipient large-scale complex societies. Increase in extreme climate events during 6.0–5.0 cal ka BP cooling period causes frequent occurrence of resource stress and increase in the frequency of inter-group competitions, which creates conditions for the legitimation, institutionalization, and persistence of centralized leadership, and finally leads to the formation of persistent institutionalized inequity. Our research result can explain not only the process and mechanism of complex society formation, but also two phenomena which cannot be reasonably explained by previous theories, that are, why the earliest complex societies in China emerge around 5.5 cal ka BP, and why they appear simultaneously in multiple regions.

关键词： 5.5 cal ka BP climate event population growth Circumscription Complex society Driving mechanisms

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population growth,Available Resources,and Quality of Life:China’s Post-Reform Economic Development

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Chinese Journal of population,Resources and Environment 2012年第2期10卷 67-77页

作者： Tim Futing Liao Hua Qin Department of Sociology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign IL 61820 United States Department of Environmental Studies University of Illinois at Springfield Springfield IL 62703 United States

Two opposing intellectual traditions and their contem-porary developments regarding the relations among population, available resources, and quality of life as reflected in economic growth are reviewed. What is at issue is whether population growth is detrimental to or beneficial for economic development. Neither of the extreme views gives a complete picture of the interplay among population, resources, and quality of life. Following previous literature on the topic, this paper establishes a more balanced approach that considers the function linking population and quality of life not constant but variable and regards the limitedness of resources as not absolute but relative to regions and societies. The proposed approach is more flexible in better explaining the relation between population and economic growth. China is examined as a case in point to shed light on the interaction of population growth, economic development, and available resources, and its recent post-economic reform experiences showcase the appropriateness of the synthetic approach.

关键词： population growth migration natural resources eco-nomic development quality of life

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Exploring detailed urban-rural development under intersecting population growth and food production scenarios: Trajectories for China’s most populous agricultural province to 2030

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2023年第2期33卷 222-244页

作者： GAO Peichao XIE Yiru SONG Changqing CHENG Changxiu YE Sijing State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China National Tibetan Plateau Data Center Beijing 100101China

Henan,China,is likely the most populous agricultural province *** is China’s major grain-producing area,with a continuously increasing population(96 million),which is greater than 93%of countries ***,this province has been experiencing unprecedented urbanization recently due to national policies and measures,such as a plan to build the capital city of Henan into a national center,resulting in severe conflicts in land use that endanger food security regionally and *** facilitate decision-making on this problem,we explored the detailed urban-rural development of Henan by modeling these land-use *** modeling of a region’s urban-rural development is to navigate trade-offs(a)solely between different land-use types(b)by assuming that each type provides a single service(e.g.,croplands produce all the food),and(c)under a polynomial regression-based projection of *** contrast,we considered both land-use type and intensity,resulting in a detailed land system for *** introducing the concept of land system services(e.g.,food production),we established a many-to-many relationship between land system classes and *** allowed us to carry out the most comprehensive modeling of Henan’s urban-rural development under eighteen combined scenarios of population growth and land-use policies on food *** modeling results of these scenarios provide a solid basis for making decisions regarding Henan’s urban-rural *** also revealed the influence mechanism of population growth,land-use policies,and their combinations,highlighting the benefits of securing food production by agricultural intensification rather than merely expanding the area of cropland.

关键词： urban-rural development population growth food production CLUMondo

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Effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin(Crustacea,Cladocera)

引用

Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2009年第3期27卷 480-486页

作者：王岩谢宁峡王伟良 College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University College of Fisheries and Life Science Shanghai Ocean University

The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera, Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, were evaluated in an indoor experiment. A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations （Chlorella pyrenoidosa, 1 × 10^6 and 3 ×10^6 cell/mL） and four inoculation densities （100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L） were established. Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22℃, under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L： 12 h D. The lag phase required to initiate continuous population growth following inoculation was shorter for D. celebensis fed 1 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 300 or 400 ind./L than that for D. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L. However, D. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L exhibited longer periods of positive population growth The maximum population densities were 5 875 ± 324, 6 690 ± 691, 7 735 ± 1,121 and 6 365 ± 691 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 1 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 15 070 ± 379, 12 215 ± 648, 11 960±2,551 and 16 130 ± 880 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 3 ×10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The average daily increasing rates of population were 0.076 ± 0.001, 0.065 ± 0.002, 0.055 ±0.002 and 0.048 ± 0.003 for D. celebensis fed 1×10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 0.098± 0.001, 0.078 ± 0.002, 0.072 ± 0.003 and 0.067 ± 0.003 forD. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The maximum population density and average daily increasing rate of population increased as the algal concentration increased, whereas an increase in the inoculation density led to a linear decrease in the daily increasing rate of population under both algal concentrations. The results of the present experiment indicate that the al

关键词： Diaphanosoma celebensis population growth algal concentration inoculation density

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Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied

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Chinese Journal of population,Resources and Environment 2016年第2期16卷 133-143页

作者： Helen Kopnina Haydn Washington Institute Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology Leiden University international Business Management Studies The Hague University of Applied Science Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies University of New South Wales

Due to a number of factors outlined in this article,the issue of population growth is excluded from the sustainability *** this article,we explore some of the ethical presumptions that underlie the issues linking population growth and *** argue that action to address population creates social and economic segregation,and portray overpopulation concerns as being "anti-poor," "anti-developing country," or even "antihuman." Yet,de-linking demographic factors from sustainability concerns ignores significant global realities and trends,such as the ecological limits of the Earth,the welfare and long-term livelihood of the most vulnerable groups,future prospects of humanity,as well as the ecosystems that support society.

关键词： population growth overpopulation sustainability

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Changes of population growth in Tibet Autonomous Region

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1998年第4期8卷 2-11页

作者： FU Xiaofeng Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, CHINA

The population of the Tibet Autonomous Region which is thinly scattered, is almost entirely Tibetan. The unique high and cold climate, varied and changeable topography and social economic and human environment restrict population mobility in the region. Historically there were little statistic documents and the early data about population scale is poorly reliable. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, its population went up continuously, and the growth rate has been higher than the national average level since 1964. The general tendency was that the pattern of population increase had changed within a short period. At first, the death rate was lowered quickly and the natural population increase speed was quickened, then, the death rate was lowered further, and the birth rate began to rise at a quick speed. After 1970, both the death rate and birth rate was generally stable, the level was relatively lower than before, the death rate slowed down at a quicker speed than the birth rate. The natural population increase rate rose extremely slowly, which formed the population development situation of fast but steady increase. The future population development tendency is that, the quick increase tendency characterized by young population will continue for quite a long time, and the pressure of future population increase upon resources environment will become increasingly great. The age structure and sex composition of population in Tibet, rather low since long time ago, became increasingly high upon entering the 1980s, but it was still the lowest one compared to other provinces or regions in China. The main reason is due to the low sex ratio of Tibetan infants and children caused by the low sex ratio of newly born infants and the high death rate of male infants, which will slow down the population increase in a limited way. There are few barren lands appropriate for farming and there exist many restricting factors for cultivation or utilization. With further inc

关键词： Tibet Autonomous Region population growth food supply education and population quantity lamas census.

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China's different spatial patterns of population growth based on the “Hu Line”

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第11期26卷 1611-1625页

作者：戚伟刘盛和赵美风刘振 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Nature Resources Research CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The "Hu Line" has been regarded as one of the greatest geographical discoveries in China because it reveals the significant spatial relationship between human activity and natural environment. The spatial evolution of population on both sides of the "Hu Line" has had important implications for both urbanization and regional development and has attracted widespread attention during the dramatic economic and social changes since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy in China in 1978. Using Geographical Information System(GIS) techniques, this paper studied the stability of the "Hu Line" and the spatial patterns of population growth on each side by constructing a spatial database of China's census data from 1982 to 2010. The findings are as follows:(1) In the last 30 years, the "Hu Line" has remained relatively stable, but a new tendency of population change has begun to emerge. The population ratio either side, namely, the southeast half(SEH) and the northwest half(NWH), of the "Hu Line" remains at roughly 94:6(SHE : NWH). Noteworthy, the proportion of population in the SEH of the "Hu Line" has been decreasing slightly, while that in the NWH has been increasing slightly, as the latter has benefited from its higher rate of natural population growth.(2) The spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the "Hu Line" were quite different. The degree of population concentration in the SEH increased faster than the NWH. Regions with a negative population growth rate have rapidly expanded; these were mainly located in the south of the "Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River belt" and northeastern China. Meanwhile, regions with a fast population growth rate were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan area. Thus, the spatial pattern of population growth in the SEH presented a concentration pattern that could be called "Matthew effect pattern".(3) The spatial pattern of population growth in the

关键词： Hu Line stability spatial patterns population growth urbanization China

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