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From the floret to the canopy:High temperature tolerance during flowering

Plant Communications 2023年第6期4卷 22-41页

作者： Mayang Liu Yuhan Zhou Jiaxin Sun Fen Mao Qian Yao Baole Li Yuanyuan Wang Yingbo Gao Xin Dong Shuhua Liao Pu Wang Shoubing Huang College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina College of Agronomy South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdongChina Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences JinanChina Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences ChongqingChina

Heat waves induced by climate warming have become common in food-producing regions worldwide,frequently coinciding with high temperature(HT)-sensitive stages of many crops and thus threatening global food security.Understanding the HT sensitivity of reproductive organs is currently of great interest for increasing seed set.The responses of seed set to HT involve multiple processes in both male and female reproductive organs,but we currently lack an integrated and systematic summary of these responses for the world’s three leading food crops(rice,wheat,and maize).In the present work,we define the critical high temperature thresholds for seed set in rice(37.2℃±0.2℃),wheat(27.3℃±0.5℃),and maize(37.9℃±0.4℃)during flowering.We assess the HT sensitivity of these three cereals from the microspore stage to the lag period,including effects of HT on flowering dynamics,floret growth and development,pollination,and fertilization.Our review synthesizes existing knowledge about the effects of HT stress on spikelet opening,anther dehiscence,pollen shedding number,pollen viability,pistil and stigma function,pollen germination on the stigma,and pollen tube elongation.HT-induced spikelet closure and arrest of pollen tube elongation have a catastrophic effect on pollination and fertilization in maize.Rice benefits from pollination under HT stress owing to bottom anther dehiscence and cleistogamy.Cleistogamy and secondary spikelet opening increase the probability of pollination success in wheat under HT stress.However,cereal crops themselves also have protective measures under HT stress.Lower canopy/tissue temperatures compared with air temperatures indicate that cereal crops,especially rice,can partly protect themselves from heat damage.In maize,husk leaves reduce inner ear temperature by about 5℃compared with outer ear temperature,thereby protecting the later phases of pollen tube growth and fertilization processes.These findings have important implications for accurate modeling,optimized crop management,and breeding of new varie

关键词： high temperature seed set floret organs flowering pattern pollination

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Bats and their vital ecosystem services:a global review

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第1期17卷 2-23页

作者： Leidy Azucena RAMÍREZ-FRÁNCEL Leidy Viviana GARCÍA-HERRERA Sergio LOSADA-PRADO Gladys REINOSO-FLÓREZ Alfonso SÁNCHEZ-HERNÁNDEZ Sergio ESTRADA-VILLEGAS Burton KLIM Giovany GUEVARA Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas&Grupo de Investigación en Zoología(GIZ) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Colombia BogotáD.C.Colombia Departamento de Biología&Grupo de Investigación en Zoología(GIZ) Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística Facultad de CienciasUniversidad del TolimaIbaguéColombia Yale School of the Environment Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute BalboaRepublic of Panama Department of Natural History Royal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntarioCanada

Bats play crucial ecosystem services as seed dispersers,pollinators,controllers of insects,and nutrient recyclers.However,there has not been a thorough global review evaluating these roles in bats across all biogeographical regions of the world.We reviewed the literature published during the last two decades and identified 283 relevant studies:78 dealt with the control of potential insect pests by bats,80 related to the suppression of other arthropods,60 on the dispersal of native or endemic seeds,11 dealt with the dispersal of seeds of introduced plants,29 on the pollination of native or endemic plants,1 study on pollination of introduced plants,and 24 on the use of guano as fertilizer.Our literature search showed that queries combining the terms“seed dispersal,”“insectivorous bats,”“nectarivorous bats,”“use of guano,”and“ecosystem services”returned 577 studies,but half were experimental in nature.We found that the evaluation of ecosystem services by bats has been mostly conducted in the Neotropical and Palearctic regions.To detect differences across relevant studies,and to explain trends in the study of ecosystem services provided by bats,we performed generalized linear mixed models(GLMM)fitted with a Poisson distribution to analyze potential differences among sampling methods.We identified 409 bat species that provide ecosystem services,752 insect species consumed by bats and 549 plant species either dispersed or pollinated by bats.Our review summarizes the importance of conserving bat populations and the ecological services they provide,which is especially important during the current pandemic.

关键词： chiroptera ecosystem services frugivory,guano,insectivory nectarivory pest control pollination seed dispersal

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Stigma factors regulating self-compatible pollination

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Frontiers in Biology 2010年第2期5卷 156-163页

作者： Xin-Qi GAO Dongzi ZHU Xiansheng ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaian 271018China

pollination is one of the most important steps during fertilization and sexual reproduction in plants,and numerous cell-cell interaction events occur between the pistil and the pollen grain/tube during this process.The pollen-stigma interaction is a highly selective process which leads to compatible or incompatible pollination.Previous studies in Solanaceae,Papaveraceae,and Brassicaceae provided some important insights into pollen-stigma recognition in self-incompatible systems.In recent years,considerable data have been available regarding pollen-stigma interaction during self-compatible pollination.In this review,we focus on discussing current knowledge on stigma factors that regulate pollen-stigma interaction in self-compatible systems in comparison with self-incompatible systems.

关键词： stigma signaling self-compatible pollination

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pollination dynamics, grain weight and grain cell number within the inflorescence and spikelet in oat and wheat

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Agricultural Sciences 2011年第3期2卷 283-290页

作者： Ari Rajala Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio MTT Agrifood Research Finland Jokioinen Finland

Oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vary in the structure of their inflores-cences and also in how pollination proceeds within the inflorescence. In both species the grain position in the spikelet determines grain weight potential. Primary grains in oat and proximal grains in wheat weigh more than secondary and distal grains. This variation in grain weight can potentially result from differences in post-pollination cell division in the grain. In this study pollination duration and dynamics were analyzed from head samples collected at two-day intervals, starting from the pollination of the most advanced floret. The number of grain cells was determined for individual grains throughout the inflorescence, starting from the pollination event. When mature, grain position in the spikelet and spike was noted and grain weight assessed. pollination advance in oat proceeded from the uppermost primary floret towards the basal spikelets in ten to eleven days. Within the spikelet, the primary floret was pollinated on average one day earlier than the secondary floret. In wheat, pollination duration was four to five days, starting from the proximal florets in the mid-section of the inflorescence progressing towards the apical and basal spikelets. Proximal florets were pollinated one to two days earlier than distal florets. Maximum cell number in primary grains exceeded that of secondary grains in two oat cultivars. Similarly, primary grains were heavier than secondary grains. Cell number and single grain weight were correlated in terms of grain position in the spikelet (primary – secondary) and cultivar. Oat cultivar Belinda had a higher single grain weight than Fiia, which was also expressed as larger grain cell number. In wheat, proximal grains had higher maximum cell numbers and were also heavier than distal grains. This grain weight gradient was apparent throughout the inflorescence. Consequently, grain cell number is one of the possible regulators of grain-filling capacity in both cereal crops.

关键词： Cell Number Distal Grain Filling Potential Floret Oat pollination Primary Grain Proximal Grain Secondary Grain Wheat Cell-PLoc Signal-CF Signal-3L

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Utilization of Hairy Footed Flower Bee Anthophora plumipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination of Greenhouse Strawberry

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Advances in Entomology 2016年第1期4卷 25-31页

作者： Radha Devkota Adhikari Ryoichi Miyanaga Faculty of Life and Environmental Science Shimane University Matsue Japan The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Tottori University Tottori Japan

pollination efficiency of hairy footed flower bee Anthophora plumipes for greenhouse strawberry was evaluated in a small greenhouse located in Shimane University, Matsue, Japan (lat. 35°29', long. 133°27' and elevation 170 m). Twenty five female and six male bees were released in a greenhouse on April 15, 2014. Red clay soil blocks were provided as the nesting materials. Two hundred and fifty pots of strawberry (Fragaria annanasa) were allocated for the following three treatments: 1) no supplementary pollination (control), 2) hand pollination, and 3) bee pollination. Both male and female bees effectively foraged flowers throughout the day. Rate of fertilized seed by the bee pollination was significantly greater than no supplementary pollination (control) and similar to that in the hand pollinated flowers. Quality of the fruits (evaluated based on the shape and deformity) was also improved by the bee pollination. A. plumipes effectively pollinated strawberry flowers in the greenhouse and could be developed as an alternative pollinator for this crop.

关键词： Anthophora plumipes Greenhouse Strawberry pollination Fruit Quality

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Genetic Variation of Sago Palm (Metroxylonsagu Rottb.) Progenies with Natural pollination by Using RAPD Markers

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Natural Science 2017年第4期9卷 104-109页

作者： Barahima Abbas Muhammad Dailami Budi Santoso Munarti Faculty of Agriculture University of Papua (UNIPA) Manokwari Indonesia Faculty of Mathematics and Science University of Papua Manokwari Indonesia Faculty of Agricultural Technology University of Papua Manokwari Indonesia Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Science The Pakuan University Bogor Indonesia

Sago palm is flowering and fruiting just once in their life cycle. Sago palms that grow naturally and semi cultivated were generally occurred natural pollination to form fruits and seeds, if not cut down to take the starch contained in their trunk. Sago palm pollination may occur as self-pollinated and cross-pollinated. If cross-pollinated was occurred in the pollination process, it will be varied of their progenies. This study aims to reveal the genetic variation of sago palms progenies with naturally pollinated process. The research method is to collect seeds from one parent trees that have produced ripe fruit. Fruit seeds germinated to be made and tested genetic variation using RAPD markers. Isolation of DNA is done by using the fresh young leaves. DNA amplification is done by using RAPD primers. The results showed that the progenies derived from naturally pollinated of sago palms were genetically varied based on RAPD markers and also varied based on morphological phenotypic. Variations occurred in the progenies of sago palm indicated that the sago palms were estimated cross-pollinated naturally, as a result fruits and seeds with genetically differences.

关键词： Sago Palm Genetic Variation Progenies RAPD Markers Natural pollination

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Estimating landscape structure efects on pollination for management of agricultural landscapes

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 817-828页

作者： Ehsan Rahimi Shahindokht Barghjelveh Pinliang Dong Environmental Sciences Research Institute Shahid Beheshti UniversityTehranIran. Department of Geography and the Environment University of North TexasDentonTXUSA

Background:The growing human population around the world is creating an increased demand for food.In agricultural landscapes,forests are cleared and turned into agricultural land to produce more food.Increasing the productivity of agricultural land per unit area may prevent extreme forest degradation.Since many agricultural products are dependent on pollinators,it is possible to increase crop production by increasing the pollination rate in the agricultural landscapes.Pollinators are highly dependent on forest patches in agricultural landscapes.Therefore,by creating new forest patches around agricultural felds,we can increase the pollination rate,and thus the crop production.In this regard,estimating the efects of diferent scenarios of forest fragmentation helps us to fnd an optimized pattern of forest patches for increasing pollination in an agricultural landscape.Methods:To investigate the efect of diferent forest fragmentation scenarios on pollination,we used simulated agricultural landscapes,including diferent forest proportions and degrees of fragmentation.Using landscape metrics,we estimated the relationship between pollination and landscape structure for each landscape.Results:Our results showed that for increasing pollination,two signifcant factors should be considered:habitat amount and capacity of small patches to supply pollination.We found that when the capacity of small patches in supplying pollination was low,fragmented patterns of forest patches decreased pollination.With increasing capacity,landscapes with a high degree of forest fragmentation showed the highest levels of pollination.There was an exception for habitat amounts(the proportion of forest patches)less than 0.1 of the entire landscape where increasing edge density,aggregation,and the number of forest patches resulted in increasing pollination in all scenarios.Conclusion:This study encourages agriculturists and landscape planners to focus on increasing crop production per unit area by pollinators because it leads to biodiversity conserva

关键词： Landscape ecology pollination Landscape metrics Simulated landscapes Small forest patches

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Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for Three pollination Morphs of <i>Cimicifuga simplex</i>(Ranunculaceae)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第4期9卷 599-605页

作者： Tsubasa Toji Yoshiaki Kameyama Akira S. Hirao Takao Itino Graduate School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo Japan Sugadaira Research Station Mountain Science Center University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Department of Biology and Institute of Mountain Science Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan

Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. (Ranunculaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in eastern and northeastern Asia for which at least three different pollination morphs have been reported. It is classified as endangered or near threatened in some Japanese regions, and its rhizome is commercially used as a crude drug. To examine genetic differentiation and gene flow among the three morphs, we developed eight microsatellite markers by using next-generation sequencing and estimated the genetic structure of C. simplex. We tested eight primer pairs on 93 individuals from six populations of C. simplex in Nagano, central Japan, and found that heterozygosity in morphs I and III was low compared to expected heterozygosity. Bayesian clustering performed with the STRUCTURE program clearly distinguished the three morphs of C. simplex, and only a little gene flow was detected among the morphs. These eight microsatellite markers are expected to be useful in conservation genetic studies of this species and for future conservation planning.

关键词： Cimicifuga simplex Genetic Structure Microsatellite Marker Next-Generation Sequencing pollination Morph

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Impact of Bee pollination on Yield of Faba Bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>L.) Grown under Semi-Arid Conditions

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第6期9卷 729-740页

作者： Seif M. Gasim Awadalla A. Abdelmula Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum Shambat Sudan

The effect of honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) on yield was investigated in open-pollinated faba bean cultivars and three inbred generations produced from them (once-selfed, twice-selfed, and thrice-selfed). All entries were grown in cages under two pollination conditions: presence of bees (cross-pollination) or absence of bees (self-pollination). The open-pollinated generations gave the highest performance in the presence and absence of bees. In the presence of bees, the open-pollinated and their inbred entries gave higher performance in all of the studied traits than in the absence of bees;the average improvement in yield and its components was 22%. The highest improvement percentage in yield performance was shown by more inbred entries (thrice-selfed > once-selfed), indicating that in faba bean populations, the performance of inbred generations was chiefly associated with the tripping of flowers, which is usually governed by successfully fertilized flowers, i.e., plants result from selfing in faba bean population needs to be visited by pollinating insects (bees) to set more seeds. It concluded that honeybee has an important role in increasing faba bean yield in semi-arid conditions;hence, it is important to provide a pollinator friendly environment for their foraging places and nesting sites to secure food supply.

关键词： Faba Bean Yield Honey Bees pollination Self-Fertilization Cross-Fertilization Inbred-Generation

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The Microenvironment within and Pollen Transmission through Polyethylene Sorghum pollination Bags

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第2期6卷 265-274页

作者： Dennis C. Gitz Jeffrey T. Baker Zhanguo Xin John J. Burke Robert J. Lascano United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service# Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Lubbock Texas USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Big Spring Texas USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit Lubbock Texas USA

Bird damage is a problem in sorghum breeding and germplasm maintenance operations. Paper pollination bags are damaged by rain and provide minimal deterrent to birds. Earlier we reported upon bird resistance of spun polyethylene pollination bags. Herein, we report the potential for pollen transmission through, and the microenvironment within, hard form (HfT) and soft form (SfT) spun polyethylene pollination bags as compared to traditional Paper pollination bags. Within Paper pollination bags morning temperatures were 10°C - 15°C above ambient and high temperature excursions as high as 45°C were measured. Heating in Sft and HfT was 25% and 50% that of Paper, respectively. Temperature differences between bags were attributed to differences in albedo and air permeability of the bag materials. No difference in pollen transmission through Paper and HfT was found. Although SfT allowed 35% - 40% wind borne pollen through the pores as compared to controls, male sterile plants covered with SfT produced only 30 seeds/panicle, about 1% of a self-pollinating fertile plant. Our results suggested that SfT could adequately reduce or eliminate cross-pollination in self-pollinating plants while maintaining near ambient environmental conditions.

关键词： Sorghum Breeding pollination Bags Bird Damage

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