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Signal or cue: the role of structural colors in flower pollination

Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 467-481页

作者： Jair E. Garcia Mani Shrestha Scarlett R. Howard Phred Petersen Adrian G. Dyer School of Media and Communication RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia

Angle dependent colors, such as iridescenee, are produced by structures present on flower petals changing their visual appearanee. These colors have been proposed to act as signals for plantinsect communication. However, there is a paucity of behavioral data to allow for interpretations of how to classify these colors either as a signal or a cue when con sidering the n atural con ditions under which pollination occurs. We sampled flowers from 6 plant species across various viewpoints looking for changes in the visual appearanee of the petals. Spectral characteristics were measured with different instruments to simulate both the spectral and spatial characteristics of honeybee's vision. We show the presenee of color patches produced by angle dependent effects on the petals and the calyx of various species;however, the appearance of the angle dependent color patches significantly varies with viewpoint and would only be resolved by the insect eye at close distances. Behavior experiments with honeybees revealed that pollinators did not use angle dependent colors to drive behavior when presented with novel flower presentations. Results show that angle dependent colors do not comply with the requirements of a signal for plant-pollinator communication since the information transmitted by these colors would be unreliable for potential, free-flying pollination vectors. We thus classify angle dependent colors produced by micro- and ultra-structures as being a cue (a feature which has not evolved for communication), and observe no evidence supporting claims of these angle dependent colors having evolved as visual signal.

关键词： approach angle color flower iridescence photography pollination vision

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pollination characteristics of the ephemeroid plant Eremurus anisopterus

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Frontiers in Biology 2008年第3期3卷 315-319页

作者： Miao MA Junfeng FAN Jing LI The Key Oasis Eco-Agriculture Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832003China College of Life Science Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832003China

This study was conducted to examine the pol-lination characteristics of Eremurus anisopterus,an ephe-meroid plant in the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China.An integrative approach combining field studies with lab analysis was adopted.Pollen traps were used to measure air-borne pollen loads and artificial isolation experiments were applied to test the potentiality of cross-pollination or apomixes.Results show that the duration of the flowering of Eremurus anisopterus varied from late April to mid-May.Anthesis of a single flower often lasted for 1 d.However,if the daily maximum air temperature was under 20℃,the anthesis of a single flower could be prolonged up to 2 d.The pollen dispersion period of the single flower could last for 4 to 5 h,from 10:30 to 15:00 local time,with the duration of pollen dispersion for a single anther lasting approximately 40 min.The heterotypical maturation of the stigma could significantly prolong the pollen dispersion period of the single flower suggesting an adaptation to the habitat of E.anisopterus in the desert where the pollinators were not reliable.The timing of the blossoms of the ephemeroid plant show close correlations with the wind velocity and the habit and characteristics of the pollinators in the desert.Plant pollens may be spread to over 70 m by wind with approximately 60%of the pollens falling within 20 m away from the plant.Insects,especially bees,hover flies,flesh flies,mason bees and Halictus sp.were very important pollinators.Bees and hover flies usually landed on the yellowish green spot on the tepal and then entered the flower along the purple vein on the pink tepals.The yellowish green spot might be a mimetic structure of nectar that could attract insects to visit.This was also an adaptation of the plant to the sandy desert environment.A higher visiting frequency was reached between 10:30 and 13:30.The pollen-ovule ratio(P/O)of E.anisopterus(6164)suggested that the species was from cross-pollination according to Cruden’s criterion.However,the arti-ficial isola

关键词： ephemeroid plant Eremurus anisopterus pollination heterotypical maturation of stamina P/O

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Floral traits and pollination system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in the managed and wild populations in an arid region of Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第4期7卷 488-500页

作者： CHEN Min ZHAO Xueyong ZUO Xiao'an LIAN Jie ZHU Yangchun Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which belongs to Sarcozygium of Zygophyllaceae, is one of the ecologically important species in Northwest China. In order to understand the pollination system of Z. xanthoxylum, we investigated the following characteristics of this species in the Urat Desert-grassland Research Station in western Inner Mongolia of China： flowering dynamics, pollen viability, pollen limitation, floral visitors and breeding system. The results showed that the flowering period and flowering peak were different between the wild and managed popula- tions, being longer in the managed population. Z. xanthoxylum was pollen-limited, and pollen limitation was more intense in the wild population than in the managed population. Chalicodoma deserticola （Hymenoptera） was found to be the most frequent pollinator in the wild population, while Anthophora fulvitarsis （Hymenoptera） was the most frequent and effective visitor in the managed population. Out-crossing was dominant in the breeding system and self-pollination just played an assistant role to assure the reproduction of Z. xanthoxylum.

关键词： Zygophyllum xanthoxylum pollination pollen limitation floral visitor fruit set seed set breeding system

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Wind pollination in Pinus roxburghii

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第1期17卷 32-38页

作者： Vinod Prasad KHANDURI Chandra Mohan SHARMA Department of Forestry Mizoram University Aizawl(Mizoram)India Department of Forestry HNB Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal-246 174(Uttaranchal)India

Stigmatic pollen load and pollen concentration in the air were studied in the natural population of Pinus roxburghii at Ashtavakra (900 m asl), in the Pauri forest division of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The results reflect diurnal pollen occurrence in P. roxburghii , with the strong significant correlations between pollen concentrations in the air and wind speed, air temperature and relative air humidity. A significant correlation was also observed between microsporangium dehiscence and pollen occurrence in the air. The maximum concentration of pollen grains in the air and higher rates of pollen deposition onto the megasporophylls were between 12 pm and 16 pm of the day, which conforms the best time for pollination in a day in P. roxburghii. The receptivity of Ovulate strobili varied from 3 to 5 days, however, the bagged strobili remained receptive up to 6 days.

关键词： ovulate strobili pollen cones pollination receptivity wind speed P. roxburghii.

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Towards a Modeling of the Impacts of Road Verge Management on the pollination Service Using System Dynamics: A Case Study in France

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Applied Mathematics 2023年第5期14卷 349-385页

作者： Juan Pablo Ortega Diana Daza-Gacha Brunelle Marche Mauricio Camargo Clémence Chaudron Frédérique Mayer Juan Galvis University of Lorraine ERPI Nancy France Departamento de Matematicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia Departamento de Biologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia Université de Lorraine AgroParisTech INRAE SILVA Nancy France

Several research studies have proven that eliciting and predicting the impact of human activity on ecosystem services will be crucial to support stakeholders’ awareness and to decide how to interact with the environment in a more sustainable manner. In this sense, the ecosystems known as road verges are particularly important because of their length and surface at an international scale, and their role in mitigating the damage done by roads. Plant pollination by insects is one of the most important ecosystem services. Because of its nature and the fact that they extend across a variety of landscapes, roadside can contribute to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems, under the condition of adapted management practices. This research is the first attempt to develop a System Dynamics-based aiming to estimate the ecological and economic impact of maintenance on the road verge pollination service in France. Maintenance strategies of road verges are simulated to compare their performance. The results show that there are ways to improve current maintenance strategies in terms of pollination value, but also that the model needs to consider other ecosystem services and synergistic effects that could further affect pollination to obtain more accurate estimations.

关键词： Road Verges Ecosystem Services Mathematical Modeling System Dynamics pollination

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Mating system and pollination biology of a high-mountain perennial plant,Rhodiola dumulosa(Crassulaceae)

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2010年第3期3卷 219-227页

作者： Lin Zhu Anru Lou State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology College of Life Sciences of Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Aims Rhodiola dumulosa is a perennial herb growing in a naturally fragmented habitat of high-mountain rocks.This research aims to(i)investigate the mating system characteristics and pollination biology of R.dumulosa,(ii)study the effects of ecological factors on the mating system and pollination biology of R.dumulosa and(iii)assess the relationship between its pollination and mating system.Methods Mating system parameters were analysed using allozyme markers.Growth of pollen tubes from artificial self-and cross-pollination was also examined.Field investigations were conducted on insect flower visitation during the blooming period of R.dumulosa.Relationships among mating system,insect flower visitation frequency and environmental factors were assessed.Important Findings The results showed that(i)R.dumulosa has a mixed-mating system:it is self-compatible and primarily outbreeding,with the multilocus outcrossing rate(tm)ranging from 0.58960.078(6 standard deviation)to 0.84660.077;inbreeding coefficients of maternal parents(F)were zero,indicating that inbreeding depression was intense.(ii)Light intensity and temperature impacted the visitation of the principal pollinators,the syrphid Eristalis tenax and the bumblebee Bombus pyrosoma.(iii)Population size plays an important role in the mating system and pollination.Populations received more frequent visits by the principal pollinators usually had higher outcrossing rates.pollination to some extent affects the mating system of R.dumulosa and it is important to maintain large populations to prevent further inbreeding and to maintain pollinators to facilitate outcrossing.

关键词： allozyme mating system pollen tube growth pollination Rhodiola dumulosa

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New advances in pollination biology and the studies in China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第16期45卷 1441-1447页

作者： Shuangquan Huang Youhao Guo Wuhan Univ Coll Life Sci Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China

pollination biology is the study of the various biological features in relation to the event of pollen transfer. It is one of the central concerns of plant reproductive ecology and evolutionary biology. In this paper, we attempt to introduce the main advances and some new interests in pollination biology and make a brief review of the research work that has been done in China in recent years. We also give some insights into the study that we intend to carry out in this field in the future.

关键词： pollination biology advances suggestions.

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Sex differences in the foraging behavior of a generalist hawkmoth

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Insect Science 2022年第1期29卷 304-314页

作者： Gordon P.Smith Goggy Davidowitz Ruben Alarcón Daniel R.Papaj Judith L.Bronstein Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA Department of Entomology University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA Department of Biology California State University Channel IslandsCamarilloCaliforniaUSA Current address:Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA

Within-species variation in pollinator behavior is widely observed, but its causes have been minimally investigated. Pollinator sex is associated with large differences in behavior that may lead to predictable differences in flower foraging, but this expectation has not been explicitly tested. We investigate sex-associated differences in nectar-foraging behavior of the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, using pollen on the proboscis as a proxy for flower visitation. We tested two predictions emerging from the literature: (1) the sexes differ in the flower species they visit, (2) females are more specialized in flower choice. We also examined potential drivers underlying these predictions by performing field and laboratory experiments to test whether males (3) switch among flower species more frequently, or (4) fly farther and therefore encounter more species than females. Consistent with prediction (1), pollen load composition differed between the sexes, indicative of visitation differences. Contrary to prediction (2), females consistently carried more species-rich pollen loads than males. (3) Both sexes switched between flower species at similar rates, suggesting that differences in floral fidelity are unlikely to explain why females are less specialized than males. (4) Males flew longer distances than females;coupled with larger between-site differences in pollen composition for females, this result suggests that sex differences in mobility influence foraging, and that females may forage more frequently and in smaller areas than males. Together, our results demonstrate that sex-associated foraging differences can be large and consistent over time, and highlight the importance of sex as a driver of variation in pollinator behavior.

关键词： hawkmoths intraspecific variation pollination sex differences

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Dual ecological functions of scatter-hoarding rodents:pollinators and seed dispersers of Mucuna sempervirens(Fabaceae)

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第5期17卷 918-929页

作者： Zhishu XIAO State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

Double mutualism,that is,pollination and seed dispersal of the same plant species mediated by the same animal partners,is important but remains elusive in nature.Recently,rodent species were found as key pollinators(i.***.explosive openers)for some Mucuna species in(sub)tropical Asia,but no evidence has shown whether and how these rodents could also act as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding for those producing large seeds.Here,my aim was to test the hypothesis that scatter-hoarding rodents could act as double mutualists for both pollination and seed dispersal of the same Mucuna species,that is,Mucuna sempervirens(Fabaceae).Based on camera-trapping survey at 2 locations with or without squirrel presence in the Dujiangyan subtropical forests,Southwest China,7 mammals and birds were identiﬁed as explosive openers for M.sempervirensﬂowers,but Leopoldamys edwardsi(rats)and Paguma larvata(civets)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-absent site,while Callosciurus erythraeus(squirrels)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-present site.By tracking the fate of individually-tagged seeds over 5 years at each site,I provide theﬁrst evidence for seed-eating rodents as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding of seeds in this world-wide plant genus,although dispersal services were slightly reduced at squirrel-absent site.More importantly,the dual roles of scatter-hoarding rodents as key pollinators and seed dispersers for the same Mucuna species have shown a clear relationship of double mutualism,and their key services may be essential for population conservation of these Mucuna species in human-disturbed landscapes.

关键词： double mutualism Mucuna(Fabaceae) pollination scatter-hoarding rodents seed dispersal

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Floral trait variation across individual plants within a population enhances defense capability to nectar robbing

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Plant Diversity 2023年第3期45卷 315-325页

作者： Shuang Tie Yong-Deng He Amparo Lazaro David W.Inouye You-Hao Guo Chun-Feng Yang College of Life Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China Center of Conservation Biology Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Global Change Research Group Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies(IMEDEAUIB-CSIC)EsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Post Office Box 519Crested ButteCO 81224USA Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA

Floral trait variation may help pollinators and nectar robbers identify their target plants and,thus,lead to differential selection pressure for defense capability against floral antagonists.However,the effect of floral trait variation among individuals within a population on multi-dimensional plant-animal interactions has been little explored.We investigated floral trait variation,pollination,and nectar robbing among individual plants in a population of the bumble bee-pollinated plant,Caryopteris divaricata,from which flowers are also robbed by bumble bees with varying intensity across individuals.We measured the variation in corolla tube length,nectar volume and sugar concentration among individual plants,and evaluated whether the variation were recognized by pollinators and robbers.We investigated the in-fluence of nectar robbing on legitimate visitation and seed production per fruit.We found that the primary nectar robber(Bombus nobilis)preferred to forage on plants with long-tubed flowers,which produced less nectar and had lower sugar concentration compared to those with shorter corolla tubes.Individuals with shorter corolla tubes had comparatively lower nectar robbing intensity but higher visitation by legitimate visitors(mainly B.picipes)and higher seed production.Nectar robbing signifi-cantly reduced seed production because it decreased pollinator visits.However,neither pollination nor seed production differed between plants with long and short corolla tubes when nectar robbers were excluded.This finding suggests that floral trait variation might not be driven by pollinators.Such variation among individual plants thus allows legitimate visitors and nectar robbers to segregate niches and enhances population defense against nectar robbing in unpredictable conditions.

关键词： Bumble bees Caryopteris divaricata Corolla tube Intraspecific variation Plant reproductive success pollination

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