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Buzz-Pollination in Neotropical bees:genus-dependent frequencies and lack of optimal frequency for pollen release

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Insect Science 2020年第1期27卷 133-142页

作者： Conrado Augusto Rosi-Denadai Priscila Cassia Souza Araujo Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos Lirio Cosme Jr. Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de VigosaVigosaMinas GeraisBrazil Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de VigosaVigosaMinas GeraisBrazil

Over 50 genera of bees release pollen from flower anthers using thoracic vibrations,a phenomenon known as buzz-Pollination.The efficiency of this process is directly affected by the mechanical properties of the buzzes,namely the duration,amplitude,and frequency.Nonetheless,although the effects of the former two properties are well described,the role of buzz frequency on pollen release remains unclear.Furthermore,nearly all of the existing studies describing vibrational properties of natural buzz-Pollination are limited to bumblebees(Bombus)and carpenter bees(Xvlocopa)constraining our current understanding of this behavior and its evolution.Therefore,we attempted to minimize this shortcoming by testing whether flower anthers exhibit optimal frequency for pollen release and whether bees tune their buzzes to match these(optimal)frequencies.If true,certain frequencies will trigger more pollen release and lighter bees will reach buzz frequencies closer to this optimum to compensate their smaller buzz amplitudes.Two strategies were used to test these hypotheses:(i)the use of(artificial)vibrational playbacks in a broad range of buzz frequencies and amplitudes to assess pollen release by tomato plants(Solarium Ivcopersicum L.)and(ii)the recording of natural buzzes of Neotropical bees visiting tomato plants during Pollination.The playback experiment indicates that although buzz frequency does affect pollen release,no optimal frequency exists for that.In addition,the recorded results of natural buzz-Pollination reveal that buzz frequencies vary with bee genera and are not correlated with body size.Therefore,neither bees nor plants are tuned to optimal pollen release frequencies.Bee frequency of buzz-Pollination is a likely consequence of the insect flight machinery adapted to reach higher accelerations,while flower plant response to buzz-Pollination is the likely result of its pollen granular properties.

关键词： buzz amplitude buzz frequency floral sonication Pollination stingless bees vibration

Floral characteristics and Pollination ecology of Manglietia ventii(Magnoliaceae),a plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP)endemic to South Yunnan of China

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Plant Diversity 2017年第1期39卷 52-59页

作者： Bin Wang Gao Chen Congren Li Weibang Sun Kunming Botanical Garden Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650204YunnanChina Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650204YunnanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Manglietia ventii is a highly endangered plant species endemic to Yunnan province in China, where there are only five known small populations. Despite abundant flowering there is very low fruit and seed set,and very few seedlings in natural populations, indicating problems with reproduction. The causes of low fecundity in M. ventii are not known, largely because of insufficient knowledge of the species Pollination ecology and breeding system. We conducted observations and Pollination experiments, and analyzed floral scents to understand the pollinatoreplant interactions and the role of floral scent in this relationship, as well as the species breeding system. Like the majority of Magnoliaceae, M. ventii has protogynous and nocturnal flowers that emit a strong fragrance over two consecutive evenings. There is a closing period(the pre-staminate stage) during the process of anthesis of a flower, and we characterize the key flowering process as an "open-close-reopen" flowering rhythm with five distinct floral stages observed throughout the floral period of this species: pre-pistillate, pistillate, pre-staminate, staminate,and post-staminate. Flowers are in the pistillate stage during the first night of anthesis and enter the staminate stage the next night. During anthesis, floral scent emission occurs in the pistillate and staminate stages. The effective pollinators were weevils(Sitophilus sp.) and beetles(Anomala sp.), while the role of Rove beetles(Aleochara sp.) and thrips(Thrips sp.) in Pollination of M. ventii appears to be minor or absent. The major chemical compounds of the floral scents were Limonene, b-Pinene, a-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole, Methyl-2-methylbutyrate, p-Cymene, Methyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate and 2-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-buten, and the relative proportions of these compounds varied between the pistillate and staminate stages. Production of these chemicals coincided with flower visitation by weevils and beetles.The results of Pollination experiments suggest that M. ventii is pollinator-dependent, and low seed s

关键词： Floral scent Weevil Beetle Pollination Breeding system Conservation

Occurrence of internally ovipositing non-agaonid wasps and Pollination mode of the associated agaonid wasps

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Plant Diversity 2017年第3期39卷 130-134页

作者： Xinmin Zhang Darong Yang Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province College of ForestrySouthwest Forest University Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Figs(Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating fig wasps(Hymenoptera, Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) are a striking example of obligate mutualism and coevolution. Agaonid females enter the figs to lay their eggs,but also actively or passively transport pollen into the figs at the same time. We examined eight related fig tree species pollinated by host specific Eupristina agaonids to determine the relationships between Pollination mode, host pollen, ovule ratios and the ability of the figs to recruit additional non-agaonid pollinators. Uniquely amongst the eight Eupristina species, the pollinator of Ficus curtipes has nonfunctional pollen pockets and no coxal combs, showing that it pollinates passively. Reflecting this, the anther-to-ovule ratio of F. curtipes is unusually high.In addition to the agaonids, figs support many species of 'non-pollinating fig wasps'(NPFW) that are typically ovule gallers or parasitoids. These mainly oviposit from outside the figs but there are a few species of NPFW that are like agaonids and enter the figs to oviposit. Two of the eight Eupristina pollinated fig trees support host specific internally-ovipositing fig wasps belonging to the chalcidoid genera Diaziella(Sycoecinae) and Lipothymus(Otitesellinae). Reflecting the trees' Pollination modes, these fig wasps act as supplementary pollinators of F. curtipes, but not of Ficus glaberrima, where agaonid Pollination is active.

关键词： Agaonidae Ficus Parasites Pollination Coevolution Mutualism

Signal or cue: the role of structural colors in flower Pollination

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 467-481页

作者： Jair E. Garcia Mani Shrestha Scarlett R. Howard Phred Petersen Adrian G. Dyer School of Media and Communication RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia

Angle dependent colors, such as iridescenee, are produced by structures present on flower petals changing their visual appearanee. These colors have been proposed to act as signals for plantinsect communication. However, there is a paucity of behavioral data to allow for interpretations of how to classify these colors either as a signal or a cue when con sidering the n atural con ditions under which Pollination occurs. We sampled flowers from 6 plant species across various viewpoints looking for changes in the visual appearanee of the petals. Spectral characteristics were measured with different instruments to simulate both the spectral and spatial characteristics of honeybee's vision. We show the presenee of color patches produced by angle dependent effects on the petals and the calyx of various species;however, the appearance of the angle dependent color patches significantly varies with viewpoint and would only be resolved by the insect eye at close distances. Behavior experiments with honeybees revealed that pollinators did not use angle dependent colors to drive behavior when presented with novel flower presentations. Results show that angle dependent colors do not comply with the requirements of a signal for plant-pollinator communication since the information transmitted by these colors would be unreliable for potential, free-flying Pollination vectors. We thus classify angle dependent colors produced by micro- and ultra-structures as being a cue (a feature which has not evolved for communication), and observe no evidence supporting claims of these angle dependent colors having evolved as visual signal.

关键词： approach angle color flower iridescence photography Pollination vision

Pollination and seed dispersal of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg(Thymelaeaceae):An economic plant species with extremely small populations in China

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Plant Diversity 2016年第5期38卷 227-232页

作者： Gao Chen Changqiu Liu Weibang Sun Kunrning Botanical Garden Kunrning Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunrning 650201YunnanChina Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina

Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals.However,the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed dispersers have received comparatively little attention.In this study,the Pollination biology and seed dispersal of the vulnerable agarwood plant Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Gilg,a traditional medicinal plant in China,was studied in its natural distribution range.The reproductive tactics of A.sinensis were studied in detail by employing various tests dealing with fruit set and also seed dispersal.Dynamic headspace extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was also performed in order to reveal the composition of floral scent.The results showed that noctuids and pyralids are the most effective pollinators of pollinator-dependent A.sinensis.The main compounds of the floral scent were(E,E)-α-Farnesene(61.9 ± 3.2%),trans-Ocimene(16.6 ± 1.2%),and Benzyl salicylate(4.6 ± 1.1%).The results obtained from seed dispersal experiments indicate that hornets are effective seed dispersers and they may play an important role in long-distance seed dispersal of A.sinensis.Based on our findings,we recommend several protection methods for this threatened agarwood plant in China.

关键词： Aquilaria GC-MS Pollination Pyralidae Seed dispersal Vespa

Does landscape context affect Pollinationrelated functional diversity and richness of understory flowers in forest fragments of Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil?

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 737-748页

作者： Karoline Baptista de Lima Patrícia Alves Ferreira Milton Groppo Renato Goldenberg Emerson Ricardo Pansarin Roxana Cardoso Barreto Guilherme Peres Coelho Yago Barros-Souza Danilo Boscolo Biology Department Faculty of PhilosophySciences and LettersUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSP 14040-901Brazil National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution(IN-TREE) SalvadorBrazil Botany Department Biological Science SectorParanáFederal UniversityCuritibaPR 81531-970Brazil Botany Department Biological Science CenterPernambuco Federal UniversityRecifePE 50670-420Brazil Institute of Bioscience Rio Grande do Sul Federal UniversityPorto AlegreRS 90040-060Brazil Botany Department Federal University of São CarlosSão CarlosSP 13565-905Brazil.

Background:How landscape modifications affect functional diversity of floral characteristics pertinent to pollinators is poorly known.Flowers possess functional traits that sometimes coevolved with pollinators,crucial for the maintenance of both pollinator and plant communities.We evaluated how richness and functional diversity of available understory flowers respond to forest cover and landscape heterogeneity in a multiscale analysis.Plants in bloom were sampled from 25 landscapes in the understory of Atlantic Forest fragments in Brazil.Species were classified into functional groups regarding flower characteristics relevant to Pollination.Landscape heterogeneity and forest cover were measured in buffers ranging from 200 to 2000 m from sampling units and their correlation with plant richness and functional diversity was assessed using generalized linear models and further model selection through Akaike’s second-order information criterion.Results:Plants’richness and functional diversity were affected negatively by forest cover.The former responded to forest cover at a regional scale while the latter responded at a local scale.Higher landscape heterogeneity increased richness and functional diversity.Conclusions:Our results showed that forest cover and landscape heterogeneity are important to support biodiversity related to Pollination,mostly due to the availability of diversified resources and nesting sites associated to different land-uses for pollinators and flowering plant communities.These findings should highlight,along with forest cover,landscape heterogeneity as an environmental management priority in rural tropical areas for mitigating the loss of plant biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem functioning.

关键词： Functional diversity Pollination Landscape heterogeneity Forest cover Understory plant community

Floral traits and Pollination system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in the managed and wild populations in an arid region of Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第4期7卷 488-500页

作者： CHEN Min ZHAO Xueyong ZUO Xiao'an LIAN Jie ZHU Yangchun Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which belongs to Sarcozygium of Zygophyllaceae, is one of the ecologically important species in Northwest China. In order to understand the Pollination system of Z. xanthoxylum, we investigated the following characteristics of this species in the Urat Desert-grassland Research Station in western Inner Mongolia of China： flowering dynamics, pollen viability, pollen limitation, floral visitors and breeding system. The results showed that the flowering period and flowering peak were different between the wild and managed popula- tions, being longer in the managed population. Z. xanthoxylum was pollen-limited, and pollen limitation was more intense in the wild population than in the managed population. Chalicodoma deserticola （Hymenoptera） was found to be the most frequent pollinator in the wild population, while Anthophora fulvitarsis （Hymenoptera） was the most frequent and effective visitor in the managed population. Out-crossing was dominant in the breeding system and self-Pollination just played an assistant role to assure the reproduction of Z. xanthoxylum.

关键词： Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Pollination pollen limitation floral visitor fruit set seed set breeding system

Deciphering the Stigmatic Transcriptional Landscape of Compatible and Self-Incompatible Pollinations in Brassica napus Reveals a Rapid Stigma Senescence Response Following Compatible Pollination

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Molecular Plant 2013年第6期6卷 1988-1991页

作者： Subramanian Sankaranarayanan[a],, Muhammad Jamshed[a],, Srijani Deb[a], Kate Chatfield-Reed[b], Eun-Joo Gina Kwon[b], Gordon Chua[b], Marcus A. Samuel[a], [a] Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada[b] Institute of Biocomplexity and Informatics Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada

Dear Editor, Self-incompatibility （SI） is a genetic mechanism through which flowering plants prevent self-Pollination to ensure out- crossing and genetic diversity. In Brassica sp., this mechanism is controlled by the self-incompatibility （S） locus, in which, the stigmatic ＇S-locus receptor kinase （SRK）＇ recognizes the ＇S-locus cysteine rich protein （SCR）＇ from the self-pollen to elicit an active rejection response. This results in blocking of compatibil- ity factors from being delivered to the site of pollen attachment leading to self-pollen rejection （Chapman and Goring, 2010）. In contrast, following recognition of compatible signals from the cross-pollen or compatible pollen （CP）, the stigma releases its resources such as water and nutrients to the dry pollen so that the pollen tube can germinate and penetrate the stigmatic cuticle leading to successful fertilization. Thus, an incompatible or self-pollen is fully capable of eliciting a compatible response, but is actively rejected before compatible responses can occur.

关键词： Pollen Tube Pollination Rejection (Psychology) cage set Pollen COMPATIBLE Stigma Decryption natural outcrossing Brassica napus flowering plant latent period

Calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase OsCIPK23 functions in Pollination and drought stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2008年第9期35卷 531-543页

作者： Wenqiang Yang Zhaosheng Kong Edith Omo-Ikerodah Wenying Xu Qun Li Yongbiao Xue Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences National Centre for Plant Gene Research Beijing 100190 China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Drought is very harmful to grain yield due to its adverse effect on reproduction, especially on Pollination process in rice. However, the molecular basis of such an effect still remains largely unknown. Here, we report the role of a member of CBL （Calcineurin B-Like） Interacting Protein Kinase （CIPK） family, OsCIPK23, in Pollination and stress responses in rice. Molecular analyses revealed that it is mainly expressed in pistil and anther but up-regulated by Pollination, as well as by treatments of various abiotic stresses and phytohormones. RNA interference-mediated suppression of OsCIPK23 expression significantly reduced seed set and conferred a hypersensitive response to drought stress, indicating its possible roles in Pollination and drought stress. In consistent, overexpression of OsCIPK23 induced the expression of several drought tolerance related genes. Taken together, these results indicate that OsCIPK23 is a multistress induced gene and likely mediates a signaling pathway commonly shared by both Pollination and drought stress responses in rice.

关键词： OsCIPK23 water Pollination drought rice （Oryza sativa L.）