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The Puccinia striiformis effector Hasp98 facilitates pathogenicity by blocking the kinase activity of wheat TaMAPK4

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Journal of Integrative plant Biology 2023年第1期65卷 249-264页

作者： Jinping Wei Xiaodong Wang Zeyu Hu Xiaojie Wang Jialiu Wang Jianfeng Wang Xueling Huang Zhensheng Kang Chunlei Tang State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100 China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China

The obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis ***(Pst)employs virulence effectors to disturb host immunity and causes devastating stripe rust ***,our understanding of how Pst effectors regulate host defense responses remains *** this study,we determined that the Pst effector Hasp98,which is highly expressed in Pst haustoria,inhibits plant immune responses triggered by flg22or nonpathogenic *** of Hasp98 in wheat(Triticum aestivum)suppressed avirulent Pst-triggered immunity,leading to decreased H2O2accumulation and promoting *** infection,whereas stable silencing of Hasp98 impaired *** ***98 interacts with the wheat mitogenactivated protein kinase TaMAPK4,a positive regulator of plant resistance to stripe *** conserved TEY motif of TaMAPK4 is important for its kinase activity,which is required for the resistance *** demonstrate that Hasp98inhibits the kinase activity of TaMAPK4 and that the stable silencing of TaMAPK4 compromises wheat resistance against *** results suggest that Hasp98 acts as a virulence effector to interfere with the MAPK signaling pathway in wheat,thereby promoting *** infection.

关键词： effector MAPK plant immunity Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici

Arabidopsis Heterotrimeric G-protein Regulates Cell Wall Defense and Resistance to Necrotrophic Fungi

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Molecular plant 2012年第1期5卷 98-114页

作者： Magdalena Delgado-Cerezo Clara Sanchez-Rodriguez Viviana Escudero Eva Miedes Paula Virginia Fernandez Lucia Jorda Camilo Hernandez-Blanco Andrea Sanchez-Vallet Pawel Bednarek Paul Schulze-Lefert Shauna Somervilleg Jose Manuel Estevez Staffan Persson Antonio Molina Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de plantas （UPM-INIA） Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Campus de Montegancedo E-28223-Pozuelo de Alarcbn （Madrid） Spain Max-Planck-lnstitute fLir Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Am MQhlenberg 2 14476 Potsdam Germany Laboratorio de Fisiologia y Biologia Molecular IFIByNE （CONICET） FCEyN-Universidad de Buenos Aires Pab. II Intendente Guiraldes 2160 Buenos Aires C1428EGA Argentina Present address： Laboratory of Phytopathology Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands Max Planck Institut for Zuchtungsforschung Department of Plant Microbe Interactions Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10 D-50829 Koln Germany Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Noskowskiego 12/14 61-704 Poznan Poland Energy Biosciences Institute 130 Calvin Hall University of California at Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

The Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi. The agbl mutant impaired in the Gβ subunit displays enhanced susceptibility to these pathogens. Gβ/AGB1 forms an obligate dimer with either one of the Arabidopsis Gγsubunits （γ1/AGG1 and γ2/AGG2）. Accordingly, we now demonstrate that the aggl agg2 double mutant is as susceptible as agbl plants to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. To elucidate the molecular basis of heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of agbl-1 mutant and wild-type plants upon inoculation with P cucumerina. This analysis, together with metab- olomic studies, demonstrated that G-protein-mediated resistance was independent of defensive pathways required for resistance to necrotrophic fungi, such as the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, and tryptophan-derived metabolites signaling, as these pathways were not impaired in agbl and aggl agg2 mutants. Notably, many mis-reguiated genes in agbl plants were related with cell wall functions, which was also the case in aggl agg2 mutant. Biochemical analyses and Fourier Transform InfraRed （FTIR） spectroscopy of cell walls from G-protein mutants revealed that the xylose content was lower in agbl and aggl agg2 mutants than in wild-type plants, and that mutant walls had similar FTIR spec-tratypes, which differed from that of wild-type plants. The data presented here suggest a canonical functionality of the Gβ and Gγ1/γ2 subunits in the control of Arabidopsis immune responses and the regulation of cell wall composition.

关键词： plant immunity cell wall indole glucosinolates xylose necrotropic fungi G-protein.

The receptor-like cytosolic kinase RIPK activates NADP-malic enzyme 2 to generate NADPH for fueling ROS production

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Molecular plant 2022年第5期15卷 887-903页

作者： Binyan Wu Ping Li Xiufang Hong Cuihong Xu Ran Wang Yan Liang Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)production is a conserved immune response in Arabidopsis primarily medi-ated by respiratory burst oxidase homolog D(RBOHD),a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase associated with the plasma membrane.A rapid increase in NADPH is necessary to fuel RBOHD proteins and thus maintain ROS ***,the molecular mechanism by which NADPH is generated to fuel RBOHD remains *** this study,we isolated a new mutant allele of FLAGELLIN-INSENSITIVE 4(FIN4),which encodes the first enzyme in de novo NAD ***4 mu-tants show reduced NADPH levels and impaired ROS ***,FIN4 and other genes involved in NAD-and NADPH-generating pathways are not highly upregulated upon elicitor treatment,raising a pos-sibility that a cytosolic NADP-linked dehydrogenase might be post-transcriptionally activated to maintain the NADPH supply close to *** verify this possibility,we isolated the proteins associated with RPM1-INDUCED PROTEIN KINASE(RIPK),a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase that regulates broad-spectrum ROS signaling in plant immunity,and identified NADP-malic enzyme 2(NADP-ME2),an NADPH-generating *** with wild-type plants,nadp-me2 mutants display decreased NADP-ME activity,lower NADPH levels,and reduced ROS production in response to immune ***,we found that RIPK can directly phosphorylate NADP-ME2 and enhance its activity in *** phosphorylation of the NADP-ME2 S371 residue contributes to ROS production upon immune elicitor treatment and susceptibility to the necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium ***,our study suggests that RIPK phosphorylates and activates NADP-ME2 to rapidly increase cytosolic NADPH,thus fueling RBOHD to sustain ROS production in plant immunity.

关键词： NADP-ME2 NADPH RBOHD reactive oxygen species plant immunity

Molecular dissection of the influence of humidity on bacterial virulence andplant immunity

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Molecular dissection of the influence of humidity on bacteri...

Bacterial Effectors Induce Oligomerization of Immune Receptor ZAR1 In Vivo

2018全国植物生物学大会

作者： Boying Cai Yezhou Hu Minhang Yuan Lingya Yao Xiu-Fang Xin Shanghai Institute of plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence for plant and Microbial Sciences(CEPAMS) Chinese Academy of Sciences-John Innes Center

Despite tremendous efforts in breeding and pesticide input,plant diseases caused by pathogenic microbes represent one of the most important threats to global food *** important reason is that we are far from understanding the basic disease susceptibility mechanisms and the molecular basis of the influences of environmental conditions,such as humidity and temperature,on plant *** the Arabidopsis thalianaPseudomonas syringaepathosystem,we discovered that bacterial pathogens such as *** drive the formation of "water soaking" in the leaf intercellular space(apoplast)of infected plants as a key virulence *** pathogen exploits type Ⅲeffector proteins such as HopM1 and AvrE to create an aqueous apoplast,which provides a conducive environment for aggressive multiplication of the bacterial ***1 induces "water soaking" in part by degrading a plant trafficking regulator protein MIN7,while AvrE seems to exert its function by manipulating two classes of plant enzymes,Protein Phosphatase 1(PP1) and Calcium-dependent Protein Kinases(CDPKs).Moreover, "water soaking" formation was found to require high humidity,an environmental condition that is long-known to promote numerous plant diseases in the field,thereby providing a critical insight into the humidity effect on pathogen ***,we recently found that high humidity also significantly affects plant immune signaling,especially salicylic acid(SA) and jasmonic acid(JA) pathways,in both Arabidopsis and rice *** suggests that high humidity promotes infection not only by facilitating bacterial virulence(i.e. "water soaking" formation) but also by affecting plant immunity ***,our research begins to gain molecular insight into an important,but historically understudied aspect of the multi-dimensional "plant-pathogen-environment" interactions.

关键词： bacterial pathogenesis plant immunity humidity type Ⅲ effectors

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Molecular plant 2020年第5期13卷 793-801页

作者： Meijuan Hu Jinfeng Qi Guozhi Bi Jian-Min Zhou State Key Laboratory of plant Genomics Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyThe Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101P.R.China CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049P.R.China

plants utilize nucleotide-binding,leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs)to detect pathogen effectors,leading to effector-triggered *** NLR ZAR1 indirectly recognizes the Xanthomonas campestris *** effector AvrAC and Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZIa by associating with closely related receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily XII-2(RLCK XII-2)members RKS1 and ZED1,***1,RKS1,and the AvrAC-modified decoy PBL2ump form a pentameric resistosome in vitro,and the ability of resistosome formation is required for AvrAC-triggered cell death and disease ***,it remains unknown whether the effectors induce ZAR1 oligomerization in the plant *** this study,we show that both AvrAC and HopZ1 a can induce oligomerization of ZAR1 in Arabidopsis *** mediating ZAR1-ZED1 interaction are indispensable for HopZIa-induced ZAR1 oligomerization in vivo and disease *** addition,ZAR1 residues required for the assembly of ZAR1 resistosome in vitro are also essential for HopZIa-induced ZAR1 oligomerization in vivo and disease *** study provides evidence that pathogen effectors induce ZAR1 resistosome formation in the plant cell and that the resistosome formation triggers disease resistance.

关键词： plant immunity NLR ZAR1 resistosome HopZIa oligomerization

Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs

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Molecular plant 2023年第1期16卷 75-95页

作者： Jizong Wang Wen Song Jijie Chai State Key Laboratory of Protein and plant Gene Research School of Advanced Agricultural SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences Center for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Institute of Biochemistry University of Cologne50674 CologneGermany Max Planck Institute for plant Breeding Research 50829 CologneGermany Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at WeifangWeifangShandong 261000China

To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few *** NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable ***2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been *** findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune *** this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR *** also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.

关键词： plant immunity PRR NLR resistosome Ca2+-permeable channels Ca2+signaling second messenger

Natural Variation in Tomato Reveals Differences in the Recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtoB Effectors from Pseudomonas syringae

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Molecular plant 2016年第5期9卷 639-649页

作者： Christine M. Kraus Kathy R. Munkvold Gregory B. Martin Boyce Thompson Institute for plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA plant Pathology and plant-Microbe Biology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Beckman Coulter Indianapolis IN 46268 USA

The Pto protein kinase from Solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto or AvrPtoB to activate effector-triggered immunity. The previously solved crystal structures of the AvrPto-Pto and AvrPtoB-Pto complexes revealed that Pro binds each effector through both a shared and a unique interface. Hera we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate Pto recognition of these two effectors. One species, Solanum chmielewskU, was found to have many accessions that recognize only AvrPtoB. The Pto ortholog from one of these accessions was responsible for recognition of AvrPtoB and it differed from Solanum pimpinellifolium Pto by only 14 amino acids, including two in the AvrPto-specific interface, glutamate-49/glycine-51. Converting these two residues to those in Pro （histidine-49/valine-51） did not restore recognition of AvrPto. Subsequent experiments revealed that a single substitution of a histidine-to-aspartate at position 193 in Pto, which is not near the AvrPto- specific interface, was sufficient for conferring recognRion of AvrPto in plant cells. The reciprocal substi- tution of aspartate-to-histidine-193 in Pto abolished AvrPto recognition, confirming the importance of this residue. Our results reveal new aspects about effector recognition by Pto and demonstrate the value of using natural variation to understand the interaction between resistance proteins and pathogen effectors.

关键词： Effector-triggered immunity natural variation plant immunity Pseudomonas syringae Pto tomato

Warm temperature compromises JA-regulated basal resistance to enhance Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice

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Molecular plant 2022年第4期15卷 723-739页

作者： Jiehua Qiu Junhui Xie Ya Chen Zhenan Shen Huanbin Shi Naweed I.Naqvi Qian Qian Yan Liang Yanjun Kou State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou 311400China Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences1 Research LinkNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117604Singapore College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant *** is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm ***,the molecular mechanism remains *** this study,we show that enhanced blast development at a warm temperature(22C)compared with the normal growth temperature(28C)is rice *** transcriptome analysis revealed that jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and signaling genes in rice could be effectively induced by Magnaporthe oryzae at 28C but not at 22*** analyses of the osaoc1 and osmyc2 mutants,OsCOI1 RNAi lines,and OsMYC2-OE plants further demonstrated that compromised *** JA biosynthesis and signaling lead to enhanced blast susceptibility at the warm *** with these results,we found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate served as an effective strategy for improving blast resistance under the warm environmental ***,decreased activation of JA signaling resulted in the downregulated expression of some key basal resistance genes at 22C when compared with 28*** these affected genes,OsCEBiP(chitin elicitorbinding protein precursor)was found to be directly regulated by OsMYB22 and its interacting protein OsMYC2,a key component of JA signaling,and this contributed to temperature-modulated blast *** together,these results suggest that warm temperature compromises basal resistance in rice and enhances *** infection by reducing JA biosynthesis and signaling,providing potential new strategies for managing rice blast disease under warm climate conditions.

关键词： temperature-modulated resistance rice blast jasmonic acid CEBiP MYB22 plant immunity

Mechanisms underlying legume-rhizobium symbioses

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Journal of Integrative plant Biology 2022年第2期64卷 244-267页

作者： Jun Yang Liying Lan Yue Jin Nan Yu Dong Wang Ertao Wang Shanghai Key Laboratory of plant Molecular Sciences College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghai200234 China National Key Laboratory of plant Molecular Genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological Sciencesthe Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200234 China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of MassachusettsAmherst01003 USA

Legumes,unlike most land plants,can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to secure nitrogen for *** formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legume roots requires the coordination of rhizobial infection at the root epidermis with cell division in the *** nodules house the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in organelle-like structures known as symbiosomes,which enable nitrogen fixation and facilitate the exchange of metabolites between the host and *** addition to this beneficial interaction,legumes are continuously exposed to would-be pathogenic microbes;therefore the ability to discriminate pathogens from symbionts is a major determinant of plant survival under natural ***,we summarize recent advances in the understanding of root nodule symbiosis signaling,transcriptional regulation,and regulation of plant immunity during legume-rhizobium *** addition,we propose several important questions to be addressed and provide insights into the potential for engineering the capacity to fix nitrogen in legume and nonlegume plants.

关键词： nodule organogenesis plant immunity root nodule symbiosis