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Relationship Between Climate Change and Marmot plague of Marmota himalayana plague Focus—the Altun Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China,2000–2022

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China CDC weekly 2024年第4期6卷 69-74,I0006页

作者： Qun Duan Xiaojin Zheng Zhiqiang Gan Dongyue Lyu Hanyu Sha Xinmin Lu Xiaoling Zhao Asaiti Bukai Ran Duan Shuai Qin Li Wang Jinxiao Xi Di Wu Peng Zhang Deming Tang Zhaokai He Huaiqi Jing Biao Kan Xin Wang National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina Akesai Kazak Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jiuquan CityGansu ProvinceChina Jiuquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jiuquan CityGansu ProvinceChina Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lanzhou CityGansu ProvinceChina

Introduction:plague is a zoonotic disease that occurs naturally in specific geographic areas.Climate change can influence the populations of the plague host or vector,leading to variations in the occurrence and epidemiology of plague in animals.Methods:In this study,we collected meteorological and plague epidemiological data from the Marmota himalayana plague focus in the Altun Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The data spanned from 2000 to 2022.We describe the climatic factors and plague epidemic conditions and we describe their analysis by Pearson’s correlation.Results:During the period from 2000 to 2022,the isolation rates of Yersinia pestis(Y.pestis)from marmots and fleas were 9.27%(451/4,864)and 7.17%(118/1,646),respectively.Additionally,we observed a positive rate of F1 antibody of 11.25%(443/3,937)in marmots and 18.16%(142/782)in dogs.With regards to climate,there was little variation,and a decreasing trend in blowing-sand days was observed.The temperature in the previous year showed a negative correlation with the Y.pestis isolation rate in marmots(r=−0.555,P=0.011)and the positive rate of F1 antibody in marmots(r=−0.552,P=0.012)in the current year.The average annual precipitation in the previous two years showed a positive correlation with marmot density(r=0.514,P=0.024),while blowingsand days showed a negative correlation with marmot density(r=−0.701,P=0.001).Furthermore,the average annual precipitation in the previous three years showed a positive correlation with the isolation rate of Y.pestis from marmots(r=0.666,P=0.003),and blowing-sand days showed a negative correlation with marmot density(r=−0.597,P=0.009).Conclusions:The findings of this study indicate that there is a hysteresis effect of climate change on the prevalence of plague.Therefore,monitoring climate conditions can offer significant insights for implementing timely preventive and control measures to combat plague epidemics.

关键词： plague epidemiology Plateau

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One Health: navigating plague in Madagascar amidst COVID-19

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第3期12卷 67-72页

作者： Ritik Agrawal Jogesh Murmu Sweta Pattnaik Srikanta Kanungo Sanghamitra Pati ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre BhubaneswarOdishaIndia

Background Africa sees the surge of plague cases in recent decades,with hotspots in the Democratic Republic of Congo,Madagascar,and Peru.A rodent-borne scourge,the bacterial infection known as plague is transmitted to humans via the sneaky bites of fleas,caused by Yersinia pestis.Bubonic plague has a case fatality rate of 20.8%with treatment,but in places such as Madagascar the mortality rate can increase to 40–70%without treatment.Main text Tragedy strikes in the Ambohidratrimo district as three lives are claimed by the plague outbreak and three more fight for survival in the hospitals,including one man in critical condition,from the Ambohimiadana,Antsaharasty,and Ampanotokana communes,bringing the total plague victims in the area to a grim to five.Presently,the biggest concern is the potential plague spread among humans during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Effective disease control can be achieved through training and empowering local leaders and healthcare providers in rural areas,implementing strategies to reduce human–rodent interactions,promoting water,sanitation and hygiene practices(WASH)practices,and carrying out robust vector,reservoir and pest control,diversified animal surveillance along with human surveillance should be done to more extensively to fill the lacunae of knowledge regarding the animal to human transmission.The lack of diagnostic laboratories equipped represents a major hurdle in the early detection of plague in rural areas.To effectively combat plague,these tests must be made more widely available.Additionally,raising awareness among the general population through various means such as campaigns,posters and social media about the signs,symptoms,prevention,and infection control during funerals would greatly decrease the number of cases.Furthermore,healthcare professionals should be trained on the latest methods of identifying cases,controlling infections and protecting themselves from the disease.Conclusions Despite being endemic to Madagascar,the outbreak’s pace is unparalleled,and it ma

关键词： plague Madagascar WASH Surveillance Animal surveillance One Health Yersinia pestis Early warning

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plague reservoir species throughout the world

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 820-833页

作者： Ahmad MAHMOUDI Boris KRYŠTUFEK Alexander SLUDSKY Boris V.SCHMID Alzira M.P.DE ALMEIDA Xu LEI Beza RAMASINDRAZANA Eric BERTHERAT Aidyn YESZHANOV Nils ChrSTENSETH Ehsan MOSTAFAVI Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceUrmia UniversityIran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious DiseasesPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran Slovenian Museum of Natural History LjubljanaSlovenia Russian Research Anti-plague Institute«Microbe» SaratovRussian Federation Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis(CEES) Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway National Reference Laboratory for plague Fiocruz PERecifePEBrazil State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina plague Unit Institut Pasteur de MadagascarMadagascar Department of Infectious Hazard Management Health Emergencies ProgrammeWHOGenevaSwitzerland M.Aikimbaev’s National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections AlmatyKazakhstan National Reference Laboratory for plague Tularemia and Q feverResearch Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious DiseasesPasteur Institute of IranAkanluKabudar AhangHamadanIran

plague has been known since ancient times as a re-emerging infectious disease,causing considerable socioeconomic burden in regional hotspots.To better understand the epidemiological cycle of the causative agent of the plague,its potential occurrence,and possible future dispersion,one must carefully consider the taxonomy,distribution,and ecological requirements of reservoir-species in relation either to natural or human-driven changes(e.***.climate change or urbanization).In recent years,the depth of knowledge on species taxonomy and species composition in different landscapes has undergone a dramatic expansion,driven by modern taxonomic methods such as synthetic surveys that take into consideration morphology,genetics,and the ecological setting of captured animals to establish their species identities.Here,we consider the recent taxonomic changes of the rodent species in known plague reservoirs and detail their distribution across the world,with a particular focus on those rodents considered to be keystone host species.A complete checklist of all known plague-infectable vertebrates living in plague foci is provided as a Supporting Information table.

关键词： mammals plague reservoirs rodents taxonomy

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plague risk in vulnerable community:assessment of Xenopsylla cheopis susceptibility to insecticides in Malagasy prisons

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1255-1261页

作者： Adelaide Miarinjara Jean Vergain Jean Marcel Kavaruganda Minoarisoa Rajerison Sebastien Boyer United’Entomologie Medicale Institut Pasteur de MadagascarAmbatofotsikely101 AntananarivoPO box 1274Madagascar Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement Universited’AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar Delegation Regionale pour l’Ocean Indien ComiteInternational de la Croix-Rouge(CICR)112Rue RainandriamampandryLot II B 16-Faravohitra101 AntananarivoMadagascar UnitePeste Institut Pasteur de MadagascarAmbatofotsikely101 AntananarivoPO box 1274Madagascar.

Background:Prisons in Madagascar are at high risk of plague outbreak.Occurrence of plague epidemic in prisons can cause significant episode of urban plague through the movement of potentially infected humans,rodents and fleas.Rodent and flea controls are essential in plague prevention,by reducing human contact with plague reservoirs and vectors.Insecticide treatment is the key step available for the control of rat fleas which transmit the disease from infected rodents to human.The implementation of an adapted flea control strategy should rely on the insecticide susceptibility status of the targeted population.For the purpose of plague prevention campaign in prisons,we conducted insecticide resistance survey on Xenopsylla cheopis,the rat flea.Methods:Fleas were collected on rats caught in six prisons of Madagascar.They were exposed to insecticide treated filter papers and mortality was recorded following World Health Organization protocol.Results:The fleas collected in the prisons had different resistance patterns,while a high level of resistance to insecticides tested was described in the Antanimora prison,located in the heart of Antananarivo,the capital of Madagascar.Conclusions:This finding is alarming in the context of public health,knowing that the effectiveness of flea control could be jeopardized by insecticide resistance.In order to establish more accurate rat fleas control in prisons,the main recommendations are based on continuous monitoring insecticide susceptibility of flea,insecticide rotation,and the development of a new method for flea control.

关键词： plague Prison Flea Insecticide Madagascar

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Interrelationship of soil moisture and temperature to sylvatic plague cycle among prairie dogs in the Western United States

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 852-867页

作者： Cassandra D.PAULING Deborah L.FINKE Deborah M.ANDERSON Department of Veterinary Pathobiology University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA Division of Plant Sciences University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA

plague,caused by Yersinia pestis,is a flea-borne disease that is endemic in areas throughout the world due to its successful maintenance in a sylvatic cycle,mainly in areas with temperate climates.Burrowing rodents are thought to play a key role in the enzootic maintenance as well as epizootic outbreaks of plague.In the United States,prairie dogs(Cynomys),rodents(Muridae),and ground squirrels(Spermophilus)are susceptible to infection and are parasitized by fleas that transmit plague.In particular,prairie dogs can experience outbreaks that rapidly spread,which can lead to extirpation of colonies.A number of ecological parameters,including climate,are associated with these epizootics.In this study,we asked whether soil parameters,primarily moisture and temperature,are associated with outbreaks of plague in black-tailed prairie dogs and Gunnison’s prairie dogs in the Western United States,and at what depth these associations were apparent.We collected publicly available county-level information on the occurrence of population declines or colony extirpation,while historical soil data was collected from SCAN and USCRN stations in counties and states where prairie dogs have been located.The analysis suggests that soil moisture at lower depths correlates with colony die-offs,in addition to temperature near the surface,with key differences within the landscape ecology that impact the occurrence of plague.Overall,the model suggests that the burrow environment may play a significant role in the epizootic spread of disease amongst black-tailed and Gunnison’s prairie dogs.

关键词： plague prairie dogs soil moisture soil temperature sylvatic cycle Yersinia pestis

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Rodent hosts and flea vectors in Brazilian plague foci:a review

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 810-819页

作者： Diego Leandro REIS DA SILVA FERNANDES Matheus FILGUEIRA BEZERRA Marise SOBREIRA BEZERRA DA SILVA Nilma Cintra LEAL Christian Robson DE SOUZA REIS Alzira Maria Paiva DE ALMEIDA Nacional Reference Service for plague Institut Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ PERecifePEBrazil Department of Microbiology Institut Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ PERecifePEBrazil

plague,caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium,has several foci scattered throughout a large area from the Brazilian territory that ranges from the Northeastern State of Cearáto the Southeastern State ofMinas Gerais and another separated area at the State of Rio de Janeiro.This review gathers data from plague control and surveillance programs on the occurrence and geographic distribution of rodent hosts and flea vectors in the Brazilian plague areas during the period of from 1952 to 2019.Furthermore,we discuss how the interaction between Y.pestis and some rodent host species may play a role in the disease dynamics.The absence of human cases nowadays in Brazil does not mean that it was eradicated.The dynamics of plague in Brazil and in other countries where it was introduced during the 3rd pandemic are quite alike,alternating epidemics with decades of quiescence.Hence,it remains an important epidemic disease of global concern.The existence of a large animal reservoir and competent vectors demonstrate a need for continuous surveillance to prevent new outbreaks of this disease in humans.

关键词： fleas plague rodents transmission vectors

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No evidence for enzootic plague within black-tailed prairie dog(Cynomys ludovicianus)populations

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 834-851页

作者： Rebecca E.COLMAN R.Jory BRINKERHOFF Joseph D.BUSCH Chris RAY Adina DOYLE Jason W.SAHL Paul KEIM Sharon K.COLLINGE David M.WAGNER Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado at BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA

Yersinia pestis,causative agent of plague,occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species,including black-tailed prairie dogs(Cynomys ludovicianus).How Y.pestis persists long-term in the environment between these epizootics is poorly understood but multiple mechanisms have been proposed,including,among others,a separate enzootic transmission cycle that maintains Y.pestis without involvement of epizootic hosts and persistence of Y.pestis within epizootic host populations without causing high mortality within those populations.We live-trapped and collected fleas from black-tailed prairie dogs and other mammal species from sites with and without black-tailed prairie dogs in 2004 and 2005 and tested all fleas for presence of Y.pestis.Y.pestis was not detected in 2126 fleas collected in 2004 but was detected in 294 fleas collected from multiple sites in 2005,before and during a widespread epizootic that drastically reduced black-tailed prairie dog populations in the affected colonies.Temporal and spatial patterns of Y.pestis occurrence in fleas and genotyping of Y.pestis present in some infected fleas suggest Y.pestis was introduced multiple times from sources outside the study area and once introduced,was dispersed between several sites.We conclude Y.pestis likely was not present in these black-tailed prairie dog colonies prior to epizootic activity in these colonies.Although we did not identify likely enzootic hosts,we found evidence that deer mice(Peromyscus maniculatus)may serve as bridging hosts for Y.pestis between unknown enzootic hosts and black-tailed prairie dogs.

关键词： black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus plague prairie dogs Yersinia pestis

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Yersinia pestis: examining wildlife plague surveillance in China and the USA

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第1期7卷 99-109页

作者： Sarah N.BEVINS John A.BAROCH Dale L.NOLTE Min ZHANG Hongxuan HE US Department of Agriculture Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Disease ProgramFort CollinsColoradoUSA Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of ZoologyBeijingChina

plague is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis Lehmann and Neumann,1896.Although it is essentially a disease of rodents,plague can also be transmitted to people.Historically,plague has caused mas-sive morbidity and mortality events in human populations,and has recently been classified as a reemerging dis-ease in many parts of the world.This public health threat has led many countries to set up wild and domestic an-imal surveillance programs in an attempt to monitor plague activity that could potentially spill over into human populations.Both China and the USA have plague surveillance programs in place,but the disease dynamics dif-fer in each country.We present data on plague seroprevalence in wildlife and review different approaches for plague surveillance in the 2 countries.The need to better comprehend plague dynamics,combined with the fact that there are still several thousand human plague cases per year,make well-designed wildlife surveillance pro-grams a critical part of both understanding plague risks to humans and preventing disease outbreaks in the future.

关键词： plague sentinel species surveillance Yersinia pestis

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Rodent control to fight plague:field assessment of methods based on rat density reduction

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 868-885页

作者： Soanandrasana RAHELINIRINA Kathryn SCOBIE Beza RAMASINDRAZANA Voahangy ANDRIANAIVOARIMANANA Fanohinjanaharinirina RASOAMALALA Lovasoa Nomena RANDRIANTSEHENO Jerry Sylvio RAKOTONIAINA Olivier GORGÉ Xavier LAMBIN Eric VALADE Sandra TELFER Minoarisoa RAJERISON Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Plague UnitAntananarivoMadagascar School of Biological Sciences University of AberdeenAberdeenUK Central Laboratory for plague Ministry of Public HealthAntananarivoMadagascar Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées ParisFrance

Rodents represent a serious threat to food security and public health.The extent to which rodent control can mitigate the risk from rodent-borne disease depends on both the effectiveness of control in reducing rodent abundance and the impact on disease epidemiology.Focusing on a plague-endemic region of Madagascar,this study compared the effectiveness of 3 methods:live-traps,snap-traps,and rodenticides.Control interventions were implemented inside houses between May and October 2019.Tracking tiles monitored rodent abundance.Rodent fleas,the vector involved in plague transmission,were collected.Rodent populations consisted of Rattus rattus and Mus musculus.In terms of trap success,we found that our live-trap regime was more effective than snap-traps.While all 3 control strategies appeared to reduce in-house rodent activity in the short term,we found no evidence of a longer-term effect,with in-house rodent abundance in treated sites comparable to non-treatment sites by the following month.Endemic flea,Synopsyllus fonquerniei,is a key plague vector usually found on rats living outdoors.Although we found no evidence that its abundance inside houses increased following control,this may have been due to a lack of power caused by significant variation in S.fonquerniei abundance.The presence of S.fonquerniei in houses was more likely when S.fonquerniei abundance on outdoor rats was higher,which in turn correlated with high rat abundance.Our results emphasize that control strategies need to consider this connectivity between in-house rat–flea populations and the outdoor populations,and any potential consequences for plague transmission.

关键词： fleas Madagascar plague rodents surveillance

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Nuclear Norm Subspace System Identification and Its Application on a Stochastic Model of plague

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2020年第1期33卷 43-60页

作者： YU Miao LIU Jianchang ZHAO Lichun College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China School of Control Engineering Northeastern University at QinhuangdaoQinhuangdao 066004China School of Mathematics and Information Science Anshan Normal UniversityAnshan 114007China

The discrete-time model of plague is deduced by zero-order holder based on the continuoustime model.Due to the existence of stochastic disturbances,the stochastic model is given corresponding to the discrete-time model.The state estimation and noise reduction of the stochastic model are achieved by designing Kalman filter.Nuclear norm minimization is to structure the low-rank matrix approximation instead of the singular value decomposition in the process of subspace system identification.According to the plague data from the World Health Organization,the system matrices and noise intensity of the model are identified.Simulations are carried out to show the higher approximation capability of the proposed method.

关键词： Kalman filter nuclear norm plague stochastic model subspace identification

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