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Is it worth investigating splenic function in patients with celiac disease?

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第15期19卷 2313-2318页

作者： Antonio Di Sabatino Laura Brunetti Gabriella Carnevale Maffè Paolo Giuffrida Gino Roberto Corazza Department of Internal Medicine Celiac CentreS. Matteo Hospital FoundationUniversity of Pavia27100 PaviaItaly

Celiac disease, an immune-mediated enteropathy induced in genetically susceptible individuals by the ingestion of gluten, is the most frequent disorder associated with splenic hypofunction or atrophy. Defective splenic function affects more than one-third of adult patients with celiac disease, and it may predispose to a higher risk of infections by encapsulated bacteria and thromboembolic and autoimmune complications, particularly when celiac patients have concomitant pre-malignant and malignant complications (refractory celiac disease, ulcerative jejunoileitis and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma). However, the clinical management of patients with celiac disease does not take into account the evaluation of splenic function, and in patients with high degree of hyposplenism or splenic atrophy the prophylactic immunization with specific vaccines against the polysaccharide antigens of encapsulated bacteria is not currently recommended. We critically re-evaluate clinical and diagnostic aspects of spleen dysfunction in celiac disease, and highlight new perspectives in the prophylactic management of infections in this condition.

关键词： Hyposplenism Memory B cell pitted red cell Pneumococcal vaccine Splenic atrophy

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Efficacy of 2,4-D, Dicamba, Glufosinate and Glyphosate Combinations on Selected Broadleaf Weed Heights

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第6期9卷 1321-1333页

作者： Dwayne D. Joseph Michael W. Marshall Colton H. Sanders Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA

Palmer amaranth, sicklepod and pitted morningglory are the three most common and troublesome weeds in soybean in South Carolina. They exhibit very aggressive growth capabilities and if left uncontrolled in fields will cause significant reductions in soybean yields. Dicamba and 2,4-D herbicides are currently having a resurgence in usage due to the recent commercialization of soybean trait technologies with tolerance to these herbicides. Dicamba and 2,4-D when tank mixed with glufosinate and glyphosate may offer additional weed control to resistant weeds through the process of herbicide synergism. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2013 at Edisto Research and Education Center near Blackville, SC to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba and 2,4-D treatments alone and in combination on Palmer amaranth, sicklepod, and pitted morningglory at selected heights. Results suggested that glufosinate alone provided the overall best control for all 3 weed species. Glyphosate alone provided the lowest control of all 3 species at all heights. Synergism or improved sicklepod control was observed when glufosinate was tank mixed with dicamba. However, as sicklepod increased in height, glufosinate + 2,4-D or dicamba combination offered the best control compared to glufosinate alone (90% versus 86% in 20 cm plants and 87% versus 85% in 30 cm plant). In the 5 cm Palmer amaranth, decreased control was observed when glyphosate or glufosinate was tank mixed with 2,4-D. These experiments showed that glufosinate alone and/or in combination with 2,4-D or dicamba was the overall best treatment on the three broadleaf weed species.

关键词： Palmer Amaranth pitted Morningglory Sicklepod Synergism Antagonism Glufosinate Dicamba 2 4-D Glyphosate

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