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Electro-Optical Model of Soiling Effects on Photovoltaic Panels and Performance Implications

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Energy Engineering 2024年第2期121卷 243-258页

作者： A.Asbayou G.P.Smestad I.Ismail A.Soussi A.Elfanaoui L.Bouhouch A.Ihlal Laboratory of Materials and Renewable Energies University Ibn ZohrAgadir80000Morocco Sol Ideas Technology Development San José95150USA

In this paper,a detailed model of a photovoltaic(PV)panel is used to study the accumulation of dust on solar panels.The presence of dust diminishes the incident light intensity penetrating the panel’s cover glass,as it increases the reflection of light by particles.This phenomenon,commonly known as the“soiling effect”,presents a significant challenge to PV systems on a global scale.Two basic models of the equivalent circuits of a solar cell can be found,namely the single-diode model and the two-diode models.The limitation of efficiency data in manufacturers’datasheets has encouraged us to develop an equivalent electrical model that is efficient under dust conditions,integrated with optical transmittance considerations to investigate the soiling effect.The proposed approach is based on the use of experimental current-voltage(I-V)characteristics with simulated data using MATLAB/Simulink.Our research outcomes underscores the feasibility of accurately quantifying the reduction in energy production resulting from soiling by assessing the optical transmittance of accumulated dust on the surface of PV glass.

关键词： photovoltaics solar energy optical transmittance soiling dust PV performance

Ionic Liquid Engineering in Perovskite photovoltaics

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2023年第5期6卷 1-21页

作者： Fei Wang Dawei Duan Mriganka Singh Carolin M.Sutter-Fella Haoran Lin Liang Li Panče Naumov Hanlin Hu Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials Shenzhen PolytechnicShenzhen 518000China Molecular Foundry Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California 94720USA Department of Sciences and Engineering Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi38044Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates Smart Materials Lab New York University Abu Dhabi129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates Molecular Design Institute Department of ChemistryNew York University100 Washington Square EastNew YorkNY 10003USA

Over the past decade,perovskite photovoltaics have approached other currently available technologies and proven to be the most prospective type of solar cells.Although the many-sided research in this very active field has generated consistent results with regard to their undisputed consistently increasing power conversion efficiency,it also produced several rather contradictory opinions.Among other important details,debate surrounding their proneness to surface degradation and poor mechanical robustness,as well as the environmental footprint of this materials class,remains a moot point.The application of ionic liquids appears as one of the potential remedies to some of these challenges due to their high conductivity,the opportunities for chemical"tuning"of the structure,and relatively lower environmental footprint.This article provides an overview,classification,and applications of ionic liquids in perovskite solar cells.We summarize the use and role of ionic liquids as versatile additives,solvents,and modifiers in perovskite precursor solution,in charge transport layer,and in interfacial and stability engineering.Finally,challenges and the future prospects for the design and/or selection of ionic liquids with a specific profile that meets the requirements for next-generation highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells are proposed.

关键词： devices ionic liquids perovskites photovoltaics

Progress of Pb-Sn Mixed Perovskites for photovoltaics: A Review

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2022年第2期5卷 370-400页

作者： Rajapakshe Mudiyanselage Indrachapa Bandara Shashini M.Silva Cameron C.L.Underwood K.D.G.Imalka Jayawardena Radu A.Sporea S.Ravi P.Silva Advanced Technology Institute Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford Surrey GU27XHUnited Kingdom

Pb-Sn mixed perovskites are becoming increasingly popular as narrowbandgap(1.2–1.3 eV)light absorbers in single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)and as bottom cells for all-perovskite tandem solar cells,for highefficiency,low-cost,lightweight,roll-to-roll printable photovoltaic(PV)applications.From the first report of planar Pb:Sn mixed PSCs in 2014,the power conversion efficiencies(PCE)have increased from 10%to 21%by the end of 2020 with an exponential growth in research conducted in this field.Despite much effort,the performance and stability of Pb-Sn mixed PSCs are still limited,which constrains their long-term use in all-perovskite tandem devices.This review highlights the avenues explored in improving different aspects of Pb-Sn mixed PSCs and provides a comprehensive discussion of the interdependent factors affecting the device performance.This includes compositional engineering of the perovskite crystal,absorber layer fabrication and crystallization methods,bandgap tuning,Sn4+reduction,and surface passivation of the absorber layer,as well as the selection of interlayers and electrodes of the final PSC.

关键词： inorganic-organic hybrids lead-tin mixed perovskites perovskites photovoltaics solution-processed

Evaluation of Voltage Quality and Energy Saving Benefits of Urban Rail Transit Power Supply Systems Considering the Access of photovoltaics

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第6期9卷 2309-2320页

作者： Ding Feng Hengkai Zhu Feng Wang Xiaojun Sun Sheng Lin Zhengyou He the School of Electrical Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 611756China. China Railway Design Group Co. Ltd.Tianjin 300000China

Along the route of urban rail transit(URT),the subway depots,parking lots,and elevated subway stations are equipped with sufficient photovoltaic(PV)generation conditions.The access of PVs in the URT power supply system should not only make full use of nearby renewable energy,but also improve the economic operation of the system.In order to quantify the impact of PV access on the URT power supply system,this paper proposes a method to evaluate the voltage quality and energy saving benefits of the URT power supply system,considering PV access.First,by fully considering the random fluctuations of PV output power,as well as the intermittency and impact of traction load,the URT power supply system with PV access is modeled.Then,such values as system voltage and power are calculated through the hybrid AC/DC load flow calculation method.Combined with the results of the load flow calculation,the indicators describing voltage quality and power saving benefits of the system are proposed to quantify the influence of PV access on the system.Finally,a case study concerning a certain section of a subway line is presented to verify the proposed method.It shows that the proposed method can effectively quantify the voltage quality and power saving benefits of the system after PV access,providing valuable insights for design and maintenance personnel to comprehend system state and operating characteristics.

关键词： Energy saving benefits photovoltaics urban rail transit voltage quality

Single-stage Five-level Common Ground Transformerless Inverter with Extendable Structure for Centralized photovoltaics

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第1期9卷 37-49页

作者： Vishal Anand Varsha Singh Jagabar Sathik Dhafer Almakhles Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology RaipurIndia Renewable Energy Lab Prince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11586Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur Campus603203-Tamil NaduIndia

The paper presents a five-level common ground type(5L-CGT),transformer-less inverter topology with double voltage boosting.The proposed inverter uses eight switches and two capacitors,charged at input voltage level.The inverter in its basic form acts as a string inverter for low-power PV applications.However,it can be extended to work as a scalable multi-level inverter with higher power handling capability to act as a centralized inverter.The working of the inverter with the sizing of the components is presented with mathematical analysis.The efficiency of the proposed PV inverter is found using thermal losses associated with switches using PLECS software.A prototype of 1 kW has been designed,and experimentation has been carried out.Various loads with a lagging power factor up to 0.6 have been tested with the inverter to establish the usability of the proposed inverter in a worst-case emulated homeuse scenario.The total harmonic distortion(THD)at the output has been recorded using a power quality analyzer with voltage and current THD values of 4.5%and 2.5%,respectively,which lies within the limits of IEEE 519 standards.The highest power conversion efficiency of the inverter has been recorded to be 96.20%.

关键词： Active and reactive power boost inverter common mode voltage(CMV)grid-tied inverters inrush current leakage current photovoltaics

The importance and potential of photovoltaics in the context of low-carbon development in Poland

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Energy Storage and Saving 2022年第3期1卷 162-165页

作者： Maciej Dzikuć Arkadiusz Piwowar Maria Dzikuć Faculty of Economics and Management University of Zielona Góra65-417Zielona GóraPoland Faculty of Economics and Finance Wroclaw University of Economics and Business53-345WrocławPoland

The main topic of the study is the development of photovoltaic systems in Poland,and its main goal is to char-acterize the current situation and development prospects in a given subject area in the context of the growing importance of the low-carbon economy in Poland.The study uses both secondary and primary(Foresight)data.The development of photovoltaic micro-installations in Poland,recorded in recent years,was possible thanks to the state support.Unnecessary administrative barriers have been removed;legal provisions have been simplified and adapted to small,distributed systems.However,there is a risk of a slowdown in the high dynamics of rates on the analyzed market in Poland due to changes in legal solutions introduced by the state.

关键词： Energy Economy photovoltaics Energy storage Low-carbon development Poland

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system integrated with productive activities in an underdeveloped rural region of eastern Indonesia

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Clean Energy 2023年第6期7卷 1247-1267页

作者： Alya Nurul Shafira Subhan Petrana Rahma Muthia Widodo Wahyu Purwanto Sustainable Energy Systems and Policy Research Cluster Universitas IndonesiaDepok16424Indonesia Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringUniversitas IndonesiaDepok16424Indonesia Master Program in Energy Systems Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversitas IndonesiaDepok16424Indonesia

The Southwest Maluku region in eastern Indonesia is considered a frontier,outermost and underdeveloped region.Its inhabitants live on isolated islands,including the residents of Mahaleta Village,where only 9.4%of the community have limited access to electricity.This study aimed to design an economically feasible hybrid renewable energy(RE)system based on solar and wind energy to integrate with the productive activities of the village.The study developed conceptual schemes to meet the demand for electricity from the resi-dential,community,commercial and productive sectors of the village.The analysis was performed using a techno-economic approach.The hybrid system was designed using the HOMER Pro optimization function,and cold-storage and dryer systems were designed to support related productive activities.The optimized design of the hybrid RE system comprised 271.62 kW of solar photovoltaics,80 kW of wind turbines and a 1-MWh lead-acid battery.We found that the hybrid RE system would only be economically feasible with a full-grant incentive and an electricity tariff of$0.0808/kWh.However,the productive activity schemes were all economically feasible,with a cold-storage cost of$0.035/kg and a drying cost of$0.082/kg.Integrating the hybrid RE system with productive activities can improve the economic feasibility of the energy system and create more jobs as well as increase income for the local community.

关键词： underdeveloped region hybrid renewable energy system photovoltaics wind turbine Indonesia

Preparation and promising optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite patterned structures:A review

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Carbon Energy 2023年第10期5卷 91-115页

作者： Shangui Lan Baojun Pan Ying Liu Zhixiang Zhang Lijie Zhang Bin Yu Yanjun Fang Peijian Wang State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Future Science Research InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial TechnologiesCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina School of Micro‐Nano Electronics Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina

Lead halide perovskites have received considerable attention from researchers over the past several years due to their superior optical and optoelectronic properties,because of which they can be a versatile platform for fundamental science research and applications.Patterned structures based on lead halide perovskites have much more novel properties compared with their more commonly seen bulk-,micro-,and nano-crystals,such as improvement in antireflection,light-scattering effects,and light absorption,as a result of their adjustability of spatial distributions.However,there are many challenges yet to be resolved in this field,such as insufficient patterned resolution,imperfect crystal quality,complicated preparation process,and so on.To pave the way to solve these problems,we provide a systematic presentation of current methods for fabricating lead halide perovskite patterned structures,including thermal imprint,use of etching films,two-step vapor-phase growth,template-confined solution growth,and seed-assisted growth.Furthermore,the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are elaborated in detail.In addition,thanks to the extraordinary properties of lead halide perovskite patterned structures,a variety of potential applications in optics and optoelectronics of these structures are described.Lastly,we put forward existing challenges and prospects in this exciting field.

关键词： fabrication lead halide perovskites optics optoelectronics patterned structures photovoltaics

A Furan-Substituted Polymeric Hole-Transporting Material for Energy Level Regulation and Less Planarity in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2023年第5期6卷 340-346页

作者： Jun woo Lee Duck Hoon Lee Younghoon Kim Jin Young Park Hyung Ryul You Taiho Park Minjun Kim Jongmin Choi Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH)77 Cheongam-RoNam-GuPohang Gyeongbuk 37673Korea Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale UniversityNew Haven CT 06511USA Department of Energy Science and Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology(DGIST)Daegu 42988Korea Department of Chemistry Kookmin UniversitySeoul 02707Korea RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science(CEMS) 2-1 HirosawaWako Saitama 351-0198Japan

For efficient colloidal quantum dot(CQD)solar cells(CQD-SCs),thiol-passivated p-type CQDs are generally used as a hole-transporting material(HTM);however,there are issues with the control of optoelectrical properties,low thiol passivation rate,and poor morphology with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of approximately 11%.Although polymeric HTMs have been introduced to address these issues,maximizing efficiency and achieving green-solvent processability and thermal stability for commercialization is necessary.Here,we synthesize a novel benzodifuran(BDF)-based HTM(asy-ranPBTBDF)showing an electron-deficient state,low steric hindrance,and low planarity compared to those of a typical benzodithiophene(BDT)-based HTM(asy-ranPBTBDT).BDF properties lead to deep high occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)levels,closeπ-πstacking,excellent solubility,and amorphous properties related to efficiency,green-solvent processability,and thermal stability.With these benefits,the asy-ranPBTBDF-based CQD-SC showed enhanced open-circuit voltage(Voc)(0.65 V)and PCE(13.29%)compared to those of the asy-ranPBTBDT-based device(0.63 V and 12.22%)in toxic processes with chlorobenzene.The asy-ranPBTBDF-based CQD-SC showed a PCE of 12.51%in a green-solvent process with 2-methylanisole and improved thermal stability at 80℃(83.8%retaining after 24 h)owing to less lateral crystallization than the asy-ranPBTBDT-based device(60.8%retaining after 24 h).

关键词： colloidal quantum dot green-solvent photovoltaics semiconducting polymers stability