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Development,differentiation,and material distribution of secondary phloem in Pinus massoniana

林业研究:英文版 2023年第6期34卷 1915-1926页

作者： Chao Yang Fuhua Fan Gang Xu Guijie Ding Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province Guiyang 550025People’s Republic of China College of Forestry Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China

phloem is the woody tissue for the storage and long-distance transport of organic matter in vascular bundles.To reveal the process of secondary phloem development and differentiation in Pinus massoniana,the structure of the secondary phloem and the distribution of cell inclusions were observed by histochemical staining,spontaneous fluorescence of phenolic substances and cell segregation.Based on tissue development and differentiation characteristics of P.massoniana secondary phloem,the secondary phloem development was divided into seven stages:the functional phloem stage;the sieve cell lignification stage;the phloem ray bending stage;the parenchyma cell dedifferentiation and division stage;the dedifferentiated parenchyma cell population formation stage;the periderm alteration stage,and the rhytidome stage.An analysis of cell morphology and inclusion distribution characteristics showed that the sieve cells were deformed during lignification,the quantities of parenchyma and resin ducts increased with development and the crystal content in cells,as well as the levels of sugars and lipids in phloem parenchyma cells,increased with development.The results indicate that the P.massoniana phloem first lost longitudinal transport function and then increased its secretory,storage and mechanical functions.Ultimately,the parenchyma differentiated into the cortex and periderm,and the tissue outside the new periderm lignified to form the rhytidome,which fully developed into the protective tissue of the stem.

关键词： P.massoniana phloem Periderm Lignifi cation Inclusion

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Plant lncRNAs are enriched in and move systemically through the phloem in response to phosphate deficiency

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第4期61卷 492-508页

作者： Zhaoliang Zhang Yi Zheng Byung-Kook Ham Shupei Zhang Zhangjun Fei William J.Lucas State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization Anhui Agricultural University Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Cornell University Global Institute for Food Security Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Department of Plant Biology College of Biological Sciences University of California

In response to phosphate(Pi) deficiency, it has been shown that micro-RNAs(miRNAs) and mRNAs are transported through the phloem for delivery to sink tissues. Growing evidence also indicates that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs) are critical regulators of Pi homeostasis in plants. However, whether lncRNAs are present in and move through the phloem, in response to Pi deficiency, remains to be established. Here, using cucumber as a model plant, we show that lncRNAs are enriched in the phloem translocation stream and respond,systemically, to an imposed Pi-stress. A well-known lncRNA, IPS1, the target mimic(TM) of miRNA399,accumulates to a high level in the phloem, but is not responsive to early Pi deficiency. An additional 24 miRNA TMs were also detected in the phloem translocation stream; among them miRNA171 TMs and miR166 TMs were induced in response to an imposed Pi stress.Grafting studies identified 22 lncRNAs which move systemically into developing leaves and root tips. A CU-rich PTB motif was further identified in these mobile lncRNAs. Our findings revealed that lncRNAs respond to Pi deficiency, non-cell-autonomously, and may act as systemic signaling agents to coordinate early Pi deficiency signaling, at the whole-plant level.

关键词： Plant lncRNAs enriched phloem phosphate deficiency

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Anatomical and FTIR analyses of phloem and xylem of Tetracentron sinense

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第6期28卷 1264-1270页

作者： Jiangtao Shi Feng Wang Yaoli Zhang Collage of Material Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People’s Republic of China

The fast growth of Tetracentron sinense is a potential valuable timber resource, but whether its anatomy and chemical components are suitable for timber is unknown. We used light microscopy and SEM to examine the anatomical structure and FITR to measure the chemical components of the phloem and xylem of this tree. Radial variations in growth ring width and tracheid dimensions were also evaluated. The sieve tube, phloem parenchyma cell and sclereids clusters were the main cells in phloem, and the tracheid was the fundamental cell in xylem. An unusual tracheid type, fiber-tracheids or vessel-liked elements was visible. Wood rays nonstoried, uniseriate and multiseriate, including heterogeneous II, occasionally I, and usually 3-6 cells wide. The mean growth-ring width was 2.53 +/- 0.46 mm, and the percentage of late wood was over 60%. For radial variation, growth-ring width increased at an early growth stage, and reached the largest increment during years 11-15, then decreased. The maximum growth-ring width was 5.313 mm. During late growth (60-85 years), trees also maintained a high radial growth increment. Radial variation in the percentage of late wood was uniform, about 50-70%, throughout the growth years. Growth patterns in the length and width of early and late wood were similar as the trees aged. From the FTIR results, the chemical components differed significantly between xylem and phloem, hemicellulose in particular was higher in the xylem than in the phloem, where it was apparently absent. All of these suggest that the composition of phloem in T. sinense is very similar to that of hardwood, and it has higher growth ratio and uniform wood properties.

关键词： phloem Radial variation Tracheid Tetracentron sinense Xylem

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Effects of Acetylcholine, Cytochalasin B and Amiprophosmethyl on phloem Transport in Radish （Raphanus sativas）

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第4期49卷 550-555页

作者： Chong-Jun Yang Zhi-Xi Zhai Yu-Hai Guo Peng Gao Laboratory of Crop Physiology China Agricultural University Beijing 100094 China College of Agronomy Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100094 China

We investigated the role of the ＂sieve tube-companion cell complex＂ lining the tube periphery, particularly the microfilament and microtubule, in assisting the pushing of phloem sap flow. We made a simple phloem transport system with a living radish plant, in which the conducting channel was exposed for local treatment with chemicals that are effective in modulating protoplasmic movement （acetylcholine, （ACh） a neurotransmitter in animals and insects; cytochalasin B, （CB） a specific inhibitor of many cellular responses that are mediated by microfilament systems and amiprophos-methyl, （APM） a specific inhibitor of many cellular responses that are mediated by microtubule systems）. Their effects on phloem transport were estimated by two experimental devices：（i） a comparison of changes in the amount of assimilates in terms of carbohydrates and ^14C-labeled photosynthetic production that is left in the leaf blade of treated plants; and （ii） distribution patterns of ^14C-labeled leaf assimilates in the phloem transport system. The results indicate that CB and APM markedly inhibited the transfer of photosynthetic product from leaf to root via the leaf vein, while ACh enhanced the transfer of photosynthetic product in low concentrations （5.0×10^-4 mol/L） but inhibited it in higher concentrations （2.0×10^-3 mol/L） from leaf to root via the leaf vein. Autoradiograph imaging clearly reveals that ACh treatment is more effective than the control, and both CB and APM treatments effectively inhibit the passage of radioactive assimilates. All of the results support the postulation that the peripheral protoplasm in the sieve tube serves not only as a passive semi-permeable membrane, but is also directly involved in phloem transport.

关键词： assimilate phloem protoplasm translocation vascular bundle.

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The effects of microfilament and microtubule inhibitors and periodic electrical impulses on phloem transport in pea seedling

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第4期43卷 312-314页

作者： Guo Yuhai Hua Baoguang Yu Fengyi Leng Qiang Lou Chenghou China Agr Univ Plant Physiol & Biochem Lab Beijing 100094 Peoples R China Beijing Agr Coll Plant Physiol & Biochem Lab Beijing 102206 Peoples R China

In phloem transport, whether protoplasmic activity participates in assisting sap flow in sieve element_companion cell complex has long been in debate. The present investigation assumed microfilament (MF) and microtubule (MT), the two constituents of the protoplasmic cytoskeleton, as motive force, and employed germinating pea seedling suspended in moist chamber as experimental material: the seed being the source; the elongating root, the sink. 14 C_labeled sucrose was added to the seed as indicator. The amount of sap transported from source to sink was measured by the increase in root elongation. The transport phloem was within the cylinder of the peeled root in the middle. The exposed cylinder was treated with MF inhibitor (cytochalasin B), or microtubule inhibitor (amiphos_methyl). Results showed that the sap influx into the elongating root, and the 14 C activity as well, was reduced by about one half in treatment with cytochalasin B, and much less by amiphos_methyl treatment. Similar effect was shown in electrical impulse treatment, which seems to disrupt the MF and MT configuration.

关键词： phloem transport electrical impulse microfilament microtubule pea seedling.

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INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND PLANT STRUCTURES:MECHANISMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第2期9卷 197-213页

作者： John A.RAVEN Division of Plant Science University of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundee DD25DAUK Climate Change Cluster Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyUltimo NSW 2007Australia School of Biological Sciences University of Western AustraliaCrawley WA 6009Australia

Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the(overlapping) categories of energy,material and information.Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures,and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts,including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas.Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem,and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem.The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K,Mg and P down the phloem.NO_(3)^(–) assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with,in some cases,organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation.Long-distance information transfer is related development,biotic and abiotic damage,and above and below ground resource excess and limitation.Information transfer can involve hydraulic,electrical and chemical signaling,with their varying speeds of transmission and information content.Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO_(2) as organic C in soil,a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.

关键词： aerenchyma carbon accumulation hormones phloem xylem

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Effects of elevated pO_3 on carbon cycle between above andbelowground organs of trees

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第5期18卷 932-936页

作者： LIU Xi-ping Rennenberg Heinz Matyssek Rainer College of Life Sciences Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry Yangling 712100 China Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology University Freiburg D-79110 Freiburg Germany Department of Ecopogy/Ecophysiology of Plants Technical University Munich D-85354 Freising Germany

Translocation of carbohydrate from leaves to roots via phloem and reallocation from roots to leaves via xylem regulate the allocation of carbon （C） between above and belowground organs of trees. To quantitatively analyze effects of elevated ozone concentrations pO3 on the internal cycle of C, juvenile beech and spruce were grown in phytotrons and exposed to ambient and elevated pO3 （i.e. twice-ambient O3 levels, restricted to 〈 150 ppb） for two growing seasons. The translocation of C in the phloem and xylem was quantitatively studied by investigating the phloem/xylem-loading of sugars, the differentiation of stem conductive tissue and the hourly water flow through the stem. Results in the present study shown, elevated pO3 significantly decreased C translocation from shoot to roots in beech by reducing both sugar concentration in the phloem and conductive phloem area. Elevated pO3 also significantly decreased C reallocation from the roots to the shoot in beech by reducing both of sugar concentration in the xylem and transpiration rate. The adverse effects of elevated pO3 on C translocation in the phloem and xylem, however, were small in spruce. Contrasting to beech, spruce is less sensitive to elevated pO3, regarding to phloem differentiation and sugar concentrations in the phloem and xylem.

关键词： beech carbon cycle elevated pO3 phloem spruce xylem

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Importers Drive Leaf-to-Leaf Jasmonic Acid Transmission in Wound-Induced Systemic Immunity

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Molecular Plant 2020年第10期13卷 1485-1498页

作者： Mengya Li Feifei Wang Shuangzhang Li Guanghui Yu Lijian Wang Qingqing Li Xiangyu Zhu Zhen Li Lixing Yuan Pei Liu Department of Ecology College of Resources and Environmental SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China Department of Plant Nutrition College of Resources and Environmental SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China

The transmission of mobile wound signals along the phloem pathway is essential to the activation of wound-induced systemic response/resistance,which requires an upsurge of jasmonic acid(JA)in the distal undamaged leaves.Among these mobile signals,the electrical signal mediated by the glutamate-dependent activation of several clade three GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE(GLR3)proteins is involved in the stimulation of JA production in distal leaves.However,whether JA acts as a mobile wound signal and,if so,how it is transmitted and interacts with the electrical signal remain unclear.Here,we show that JA was translocated from the local to distal leaves in Arabidopsis,and this process was predominantly regulated by two phloem-expressed and plasma membrane-localized jasmonate transporters,AtJAT3 and AtJAT4.In addition to the cooperation between AtJAT3/4 and GLR3.3 in the regulation of long-distance JA translocation,our findings indicate that importer-mediated cell-cell JA transport is important for driving the loading and translocation of JA in the phloem pathway in a self-propagating manner.

关键词： wound-induced systemic resistance jasmonate importers mobile signals phloem loading long-distance transmission self-propagation mode

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Diurnal feeding as a potential mechanism of osmoregulation in aphids

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Insect Science 2021年第2期28卷 521-532页

作者： Vamsi Nalam Travis Isaacs Sarah Moh Jessica Kansman Deborah Finke Tessa Albrecht Punya Nachappa Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA Department of Biology Purdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIndianaUSA Division of Plant Sciences University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA

Diurnal variation in phloem sap composition has a strong infuence on aphid performance.The sugar-rich phloem sap serves as the sole diet for aphids and a suite of physiological mechanisms and behaviors allowv them to tolerate the high osmotic stress.Here,we tested the hypothesis that night-time feeding by aphids is a behavior that takes advantage of the low sugar diet in the night to compensate for osmotic stress incurred while feeding on high sugar diet during the day.Using the electrical penetration graph(EPG)technique.we examined the eiects of diurmal rhythm on feeding behaviors of bird cherry-oat aphid(Rhopalosiphurm padi L.)on wheat.A strong diurmal rhythm in aphids as indicated by the presence of a cyclical pattern of expression in a core clock gene did not impact aphid feeding and similar feeding behaviors were observed during day and night.The major difference observed between day and night feeding was that aphids spent significantly longer time in phloem salivation during the night compared to the day.In contrast,aphid hydration was reduced at the end of the day-time feeding compared to end of the night-time fepding.Gene expression analysis of R.padi osmoregulatory genes indicated that sugar break down and water transport into the aphid gut was reduced at night.These data suggest that while diumal variation occurs in phloem sap composition,aphids use night time feeding to overcome the high osmotic stress incurred while feeding on sugar-rich phloem sap during the day.

关键词： bird cherry-oat aphid diurnal cycle electrical penetration graph hydraion osmoregulation phloem

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The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第4期55卷 294-388页

作者： William J. Lucas Andrew Groover Raffael Lichtenberger Kaori Furuta Shri-Ram Yadav Yk Helariutta Xin-Qiang He Hiroo Fukuda Julie Kang Siobhan M. Brady John W. Patrick John Sperry Akiko Yoshida Ana-Flor López-Millan Michael A. Grusak Pradeep Kachroo Department of Plant Biology College of Biological Sciences University of California US Forest Service Pacific SW Res Stn Institute for Forest Genetics Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research College of Life Sciences Peking University Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Biology Department University of Northern Iowa School of Environmental and Life Sciences The University of Newcastle Biology Department University of Utah Plant Nutrition Department Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC) USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture University of Kentucky

The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essentialfunctions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources （water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids） to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.

关键词： Evolution vascular development phloem xylem nutrient delivery long-distance communication systemic signaling.

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