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浙江省动物学会第十二届会员代表大会暨学术讨论会

作者： Zheng Weihong Liu Jinsong School of Life and Environmental Sciences Wenzhou University Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection

Survival of small birds in fluctuating environments is facilitated by seasonal metabolic and morphological *** bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis show winter increases in basal metabolic rate(BMR),nutritional organ masses,and liver and muscle cellular aerobic capacity relative to *** this study,we build on these previous studies by measuring seasonal adjustments in body mass(Mb),BMR,nutritional organ masses and several physiological, biochemical and hormonal markers over the entire annual cycle in wild-trapped Chinese bulbuls from Wenzhou,and we analyzed the relationships between variation in organ masses and cellular aerobic capacity and variation in BMR in individual birds.M and BMR were higher in spring (March to May) and winter(December to February) than in summer(June to August).The dry masses of several nutritional organs and mitochondrial protein content,state-4 respiration and cytochrome c oxidase(COX) activity in liver and muscle were all heightened in winter relative to other *** addition,heart and pectoral muscle,but not nutritional organ,dry masses and biochemical markers of cellular aerobic capacity in liver and muscle were positively correlated with *** triiodothyronine(T) concentration was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn,and was positively correlated with BMR,mitochondrial protein content, state-4 respiration and COX activity in liver and *** results suggest that Chinese bulbuls rely on seasonal changes in nutritional organ masses as well as liver and muscle cellular aerobic capacity more than changes in skeletal muscle mass to promote seasonal metabolic flexibility.T appears to promote these seasonal thermoregulatory adjustments.

关键词： Pycnonotus sinensis seasonal acclimatization phenotypic flexibility basal metabolic rate(BMR) cytochrome c oxidase(COX) state-4 respiration thyroid hormone

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Behavioral and physiological flexibility are used by birds to manage energy and support investment in the early stages of reproduction

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Current Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 767-792页

作者： Franois VZINA Katrina G. SALVANTE Département de Biologie chimie et géographieGroupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BORASUniversité du Québec à Rimouski Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University

Interest in phenotypic flexibility has increased dramatically over the last decade, but flexibility during reproduction has received relatively little attention from avian scientists, despite its possible impact on fitness. Because most avian species maintain atrophied reproductive organs when not active, reproduction in birds requires major tissue remodeling in preparation for breeding. Females undergo rapid （days） recrudescence and regression of their reproductive organs at each breeding attempt, while males grow their organs ahead of time at a much slower rate （weeks） and may maintain them at maximal size throughout the breeding season. Reproduction is associated with significant metabolic costs. Egg production leads to a 22%-27% increase in resting metabolic rate （RMR） over non-reproductive values. This is partly due to the activity of the oviduct, an organ that may allow females to adjust reproductive investment by modulating egg size and quality. In males, gonadal recrudescence may lead to a 30% increase in RMR, but the data are inconsistent and general conclusions regarding energetic costs of reproduction in males will require more research. Recent studies on captive female zebra finches describe the impacts of these costs on daily energy budgets and highlight the strategies used by birds to maintain their investment in reproduction when energy is limited. Whenever possible, birds use behavioral flexibility as a first means of saving energy. Decreasing locomotor activity saves energy during challenges such as egg production or exposure to cold temperatures and is an efficient way to buffer variation in individual daily energy budgets. However, when behavioral flexibility is not possible, birds must rely on flexibility at the physiological level to meet energy demands. In zebra finches breeding in the cold, this results in a reduced pace of laying, likely due to down-regulation of both reproductive and non-reproductive function, allowing females to defend mini

关键词： phenotypic plasticity phenotypic flexibility BMR Energy budget Organ Egg size Physiological tradeoff Fitness

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Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis

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Current Zoology 2013年第4期59卷 439-448页

作者： David L. SWANSON Marisa O. KING Department of Biology University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Studies of metabolic variation in birds have involved both wild and captive individuals, but few studies have investi- gated whether captivity directly influences metabolic rates, despite such variation potentially confounding conclusions regarding how metabolic rates respond to the conditions under study. In addition, whether short-term captivity influences metabolic rate re- peatability in birds is currently uninvestigated. In this study, we measured Msum （maximal cold-induced metabolic rates） in sum- mer acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis directly after capture from wild populations, after approximately 2 weeks of indoor captivity （Captive 1）, and again after an additional 1-2 weeks of captivity （Captive 2）. M~ increased significantly （16.9%） following the initial captive period, but remained stable thereafter. Body mass （Mb） also increased significantly （9.2%） during the initial captive period but remained stable thereafter, suggesting that muscle growth and/or remodeling of body composition pro- duced the observed metabolic variation. Mb and Msum were not significantly repeatable between wild and Captive 1 birds, but were significantly repeatable between Captive 1 and Captive 2 groups. These data suggest that caution must be exercised when extrapolating metabolic rates from short-term captive to wild populations. In addition, Msum was a repeatable trait for birds under conditions where mean metabolic rates remained stable, but Msum repeatability disappeared during acclimation to conditions pro- moting phenotypically flexible metabolic responses. This suggests that the capacity for phenotypic flexibility varies among indi- viduals, and such variation could have fitness consequences

关键词： Metabolic rates Msm Birds Captivity Repeatability phenotypic flexibility

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Flexible mating tactics and associated reproductive effort during the rutting season in male reindeer （Rangifer tarandus, L. 1758）

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Current Zoology 2015年第5期61卷 802-810页

作者： Eliana PINTUS Stefania UCCHEDDU Knut H. RФED Javier Perez GONZALEZ Juan CARRANZA Mauri NIEMINEN Фystein HOLAND Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Kamycka 129 165 21 Prague 6 - Suchdol Czech Republic Ungulate Research Unit Game and Fish Research Center University of Cordoba 14071 Cordoba Spain Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences EO. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033 Oslo Norway Guarderia Rural Mancomunidad de Municipios Centro (MIMC) 06810 Calamonte Spain Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Reindeer Research Station 99910 Kaamanen Finland Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences RO. Box 5003 N-1432 As Norway

Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. Here, we monitored individually marked male reindeer Rangifer tarandus and classified their mating tactics as harem-defense, sneaking, or mixed. The costs of the male reproductive effort were assessed using both direct （i.e. percentage of body mass lost） and indirect measures （i.e. activity patterns such as feeding, standing, and walking）, while mating group size and reproductive success were recorded as mating ef- fort benefits. Our results show that reindeer males may switch between the harem-defense and sneaking tactics throughout the same breeding season, providing further support to the notion that reproductive tactics are flexible in ungulates. The costs and benefits of male mating effort vary according to the mating tactic, reaching the highest values in harem-holders and the lowest values in sneaking males. Moreover, males who switched between the sneaking tactic and the harem-defence tactic tended to achieve higher mating success than males who consistently used the least costly tactic. Indeed, all harem-holders successfully sired offspring, whereas only two out of three mixed-tactic males sired one calf, and sneaking males did not sire any calves. In conclusion, our results show that reindeer males can modulate their mating efforts during the same breeding season by switching between the most costly harem-defense tactic and the least costly sneaking tactic, suggesting individual solutions to the balance between reproductive effort and mating opportunities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 802-810, 2015].

关键词： Alternative mating tactics Intraspecific variation phenotypic flexibility Polygynous ungulate Sexual behaviour

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Is the speed of adjusting to environmental change condition dependent?An experiment with house mice(Mus musculus)

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Current Zoology 2024年第3期70卷 350-360页

作者： Karem Lopez-Hervas Neelam Porwal Mathilde Delacoux Alexandros Vezyrakis Anja Guenther RG Behavioural Ecology of Individual Differences Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology24306 PlönGermany Department of Evolutionary Biology Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityWieniawskiego 161-712 PoznańPoland Department for Collective Behaviour Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour78464 ConstanceGermany Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz78464 ConstanceGermany Animal Ecology Institute for Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of Potsdam14469 PotsdamGermany

Environmental conditions change constantly either by anthropogenic perturbation or naturally across space and ***,a change in behavior is the frst response to changing *** fexibility can potentially improve an organism’s chances to survive and ***,we lack an understanding on the time-scale such behavioral adjustments need,how they actually affect reproduction and survival and whether behavioral adjustments are suffcient in keeping up with changing *** used house mice(Mus musculus)to test whether personality and life-history traits can adjust to an experimentally induced food-switch fexibly in adulthood or by intergenerational plasticity,that is,adjustments only becoming visible in the offspring *** lived in 6 experimental populations of semi-natural environments either on high or standard quality food for 4 *** showed previously that high-quality food induced better conditions and a less risk-prone ***,we tested whether the speed and/or magnitude of adjustment shows condition-dependency and whether adjustments incur ftness ***-history but not personality traits reacted fexibly to a food-switch,primarily by a direct reduction of reproduction and sloweddown *** whose parents received a food-switch developed a more active stress-coping personality and gained weight at a slower rate compared with their respective ***,the modulation of most traits was condition-dependent,with animals previously fed with high-quality food showing stronger *** study highlights that life-history and personality traits adjust at different speed toward environmental change,thus,highlighting the importance of the environment and the mode of response for evolutionary models.

关键词： animal personality context dependence environmental change Match-mismatch non-genetic inheritance phenotypic flexibility phenotypic plasticity

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Context-dependent regulation of pectoralis myostatin and lipid transporters by temperature and photoperiod in dark-eyed juncos

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Current Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 23-31页

作者： Yufeng ZHANG Kathleen EYSTER David L. SWANSON Department of Biology University of South Dakota 414 East Clark Street Vermillion SD 57069 USA Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57105 USA

A prominent example of seasonal phenotypic flexibility is the winter increase in thermogenic capacity （=summit metabolism, Msurn） in small birds, which is often accompanied by increases in pectoralis muscle mass and lipid catabolic capacity. Temperature or photoperiod may be drivers of the winter phenotype, but their relative impacts on muscle remodeling or lipid transport pathways are little known. We examined photoperiod and temperature effects on pectoralis muscle expres- sion of myostatin, a muscle growth inhibitor, and its tolloid-like protein activators （TLL-1 and TLL- 2）, and sarcolemmal and intracellular lipid transporters in dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis. We acclimated winter juncos to four temperature （3~C or 24~C） and photoperiod [short-day （SD） = 8L：16D; long-day （LD） = 16L：8D] treatments. We found that myostatin, TLL-I, TLL-2, and lipid transporter mRNA expression and myostatin protein expression did not differ among treatments, but treatments interacted to influence lipid transporter proteinexpression. Fatty acid translocase （FAT/CD36） levels were higher for cold SD than for other treatments. Membrane-bound fatty acid binding protein （FABPpm） levels, however, were higher for the cold LD treatment than for cold SD and warm LD treatments. Cytosolic fatty acid binding protein （FABPc） levels were higher on LD than on SD at 3℃, but higher on SD than on LD at 24℃. Cold temperature groups showed upregulation of these lipid transporters, which could contribute to elevated Msum compared to warm groups on the same photoperiod. However, interactions of temperature or photoperiod effects on muscle remodeling and lipid transport pathways suggest that these effects are context-dependent.

关键词： birds FABPpm FABPc FAT/CD36 myostatin pectoralis phenotypic flexibility photoperiod temperature.

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Sources and significance of variation in basal,summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds

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Current Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 741-758页

作者： Andrew E. MCKECHNIE David L. SWANSON DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Department of Biology University of South Dakota

The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output） present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate）, summit metabolic rate （Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate）, and maximal metabolic rate （MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate （or daily energy expenditure） in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of：（1） the functional and mechanistic li

关键词： phenotypic flexibility Reaction norms Basal metabolic rate Maximal metabolic rate Birds

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Metabolic enzymes in seasonally acclimatized and cold acclimated rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting a Chilean Mediterranean environment

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Current Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 338-350页

作者： Isaac PENA-VILLALOBOS Monica NUNEZ-VILLEGAS Francisco BOZINOVIC Pablo SABAT Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Casilla 653 Santiago Chile Departamento de Ecologia and Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability (CAPES) Facultad de Ciencias Biol6gicas Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Chile Santiago 6513677 Chile

Due to the higher energy requirements of birds during winter, it is predicted that the activities of metabolic enzymes （e.g., citrate synthase, CS and cytochrome C oxidase, COX） should increase in tandem with increases in rates of energy expendi ture （e.g., basal metabolic rate, BMR）. However, there is mixed support for the hypothesis of enzymatic acclimatization. Fur thermore, there is little information about the effect of ambient temperature on energetics and tissue enzyme activity levels in passerines inhabiting seasonal Mediterranean environments. In this study we evaluated the interplay between BMR and enzyme activities of freshly caught individuals of the passerine Zonotrichia capensis in winter and summer in a Mediterranean environment from central Chile, and also in warm （30℃） and cold （15℃） labacclimated birds. The results revealed a lack of seasonal variation in BMR, thermal conductance and in the activity of CS and COX. However, we found higher BMR and lower thermal conductance in coldacclimated than in warmacclimated birds. Also, total CS activity was higher in the flight muscles of coldacclimated than in warmacclimated birds. We found also a significant correlation between BMR and total CS activity in pectoral muscle. Although some authors have suggested that BMR mainly depends on the metabolic intensity and mass of internal organs, our results revealed that skeletal muscles such as the flight muscles may also affect BMR. Finally, differences in the accli mation and acclimatization responses in Rufouscollared sparrows suggest that largescale oscillations in the physical environment might maintain the capacity for flexibility in thermogenic traits through generations .

关键词： Basal metabolic rate Citrate synthase Cytochrome C oxidase phenotypic flexibility Thermal acclimation,Zonotrichia capensis

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