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per capita （PC） versus per Adult Human Unit Method （PAHUM）： A Net Assessment of EU28-Population, Family/Household, Food Consumption and Environmental Impact

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2015年第7期4卷 336-351页

作者： Sumer Hasimoglu Vecihi Aksakal Kelkit Organic Agriculture Organization Mecklenburg Vorpommern Schwerin 19053 Germany Department of Kelkit Organic Agriculture Aydm Dogan Vocational College Gumushane University Kelkit 29602 Turkey

Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption （including food）, better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by using appropriate and more meaningful methods. It lays ahead as one of the key challenges for EU28-PC, Adult Equivalent （AE） and conjoint evaluations and implementation are not sufficiently dynamic and forward-looking to drive the performance of methods upwards. Those evaluations do not serve the above purpose. On PC, AE method use overall, voluntary and regulatory instruments are not sufficiently connected and potential synergies among the different instruments are not exploited. Divergent national, international approaches send conflicting signals to producers and consumers. As a result, the full potential of the internal food market of EU28 and its impact on environment are not realized and evaluated on properly identified UNIT basis. Misidentified UNIT for measurement would not give correct results and if one installs his correct assumptions on the wrong unit, the falls results will start following each other. The developed PAHUM-（Copy-right 1989） and policy approach may integrate the potential of the different policy instruments, helping implement them （gender, age, structure and household size） to food consumption and environmental issues.

关键词： per capita per adult human unit adult equivalents food environment.

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Global Environmental Justice and per capita-Based Assessment

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2012年第3期5卷 101-119页

作者： Zheng Shi-ping

This study compares the country--based approach with the per capita- based approach in assessing environmental degradation and performance. After analyzing several global environmental datasets, this study shows that country--based assessments tend to shift responsibilities（ or blame） disproportionately to developing countries with large populations. From the perspective of global environmental justice, no individual human being should be subject to more environmental hazards or be borne more responsibilities for causing environmental degradation on the basis of race, ethmcity, or geographic location. In order to facilitate more meaningful dialogues on the causes and effects of environmental degTadation and to strive for fair sharing of responsibilities in dealing with global environmental challenges, this study suggests that whenever and wherever possible, a per capita-based approach should be included along with the country-based approach in any environmental assessment.

关键词： justice per capita assessment population ecological footprint

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Economic Assessment of Selected Regulatory Ecosystem Services (RES) in the Elgeyo and Nyambene Watersheds Ecosystems in Kenya

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Open Journal of Forestry 2023年第2期13卷 200-224页

作者： Justus E. Eregae Paul Njogu Rebecca Karanja Moses Gichua Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IEET) of JKUAT Nairobi Kenya Plant and Biological Sciences Department Kenyatta University (KU) Nairobi Kenya Botany Department Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Nairobi Kenya

Evidence of increased valuation of ecosystem services (ES) globally is significant. However, most of these studies focus on marketed subsets of ES at national and international levels. Ecosystems differ in spatial scale, biophysical and ecological structure, and functionality. This requires conducting studies at the local level to understand how, for example, the watershed ecosystem contributes to humanity locally and nationally. This study focuses on selected regulatory ecosystem services (RES) in Kenya’s catchment area ecosystems (Elgeyo and Nyambene). Field-based sampling and Landsat imagery with secondary information were used to generate biophysical and ecological data. The study used market price-based, cost-based, and unit transfer methods for RES valuation. The study estimates the total value of the six selected regulatory ecosystem services (RES) at KES 41.4 billion (US$386.7 million) and KES 14.73 billion (US$137.71 million) for Elgeyo and Nyambene, respectively. This equates to KES 1.64 million (US$15,331.19) and KES 2.72 million (US$25,375) per hectare per year. Extrapolating the study estimates to the national level, the country’s regulatory ecosystem services would range from US$18.4 billion to US$30.45 billion annually. This equates to between 16.7% and 27.7% of Kenya’s GDP in 2021, underscoring the importance of watersheds to the national economy.

关键词： Ecosystem Services Regulatory Ecosystem Services Market Pricing Cost-Based Technique per capita GDP

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中国建设用地省际分布的统计分析

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地理 2002年第4期

作者：梁进社

建设用地的扩张是中国耕地减少的最重要因素，通过建立建设用地分布的定量关系，揭示建设用地增长的动力学基础。通过居民点和工矿用地、交通用地、建设用地总量（前二者之和）的省际分布与人口、人均耕地的省际分布的单因素和双因素统... 详细信息

建设用地的扩张是中国耕地减少的最重要因素，通过建立建设用地分布的定量关系，揭示建设用地增长的动力学基础。通过居民点和工矿用地、交通用地、建设用地总量（前二者之和）的省际分布与人口、人均耕地的省际分布的单因素和双因素统计分析发现：这三者的分布与这两个因素存在很强的二元线性相关；人口分布对居民点和工矿用地总量分布的影响要比对交通用地总量分布的影响大，人均耕地分布对这二者的人均值分布的影响，则恰恰相反。

关键词：居民点和工矿用地交通用地建设用地耕地人口人均省际分布统计分析 Land for residents and industries Transportation land Constructed land Cultivated land Population per capita Statistic analysis.

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