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Geometry and 3D seismic characterisation of post-rift normal faults in the pearl river mouth basin,northern South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2024年第4期43卷 25-39页

作者： Yuanhang Liu Jinwei Gao Wanli Chen Jiliang Wang Umair Khan Laboratory of Marine Geophysics and Georesources Institute of Deep-sea Science and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesSanya 572000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data acquired in the pearl(Zhujiang)river mouth basin of the northern South China Sea,this study investigated the geometry,spatial extension,and throw distribution of the post-rift normal fault through detailed seismic interpretation and fault modeling.A total of 289 post-rift normal faults were identified in the study area and can be classified into four types:(1)isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform;(2)isolated normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform;(3)conjugate normal faults,and(4)connecting normal faults.Throw distribution analysis on the fault planes show that the vertical throw profiles of most normal fault exhibit flat-topped profiles.Isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform exhibit roughly concentric ellipses with maximum throw zones in the central section whereas the normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform miss the lowermost section due to the chaotic seismic reflections in the interior of the carbonate platform.The vertical throws of conjugate normal faults anomalously decrease toward their intersection region on the fault plane whereas the connecting normal faults present two maximum throw zones in the central section of the fault plane.According to the symmetric elliptical distribution model of fault throw,an estimation was made indicating that normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform extended downward between-1308 s and-1780 s(two-way travel time)in depth and may not penetrate the entire Liuhua carbonate platform.Moreover,it is observed that the distribution of karst caves on the top of the carbonate platform disaccord with those of hydrocarbon reservoirs and the post-rift normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform in the study area.We propose that these karst caves formed most probably by corrosive fluids derived from magmatic activities during the Dongsha event,rather than pore waters or hydrocarbons.

关键词： Post-rift normal faults fault throw Karst caves Corrosive fluids pearl river mouth basin South China Sea

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basin-filling processes and hydrocarbon source rock prediction of low-exploration degree areas in rift lacustrine basins:a case from the Wenchang Formation in low-exploration degree areas,northern Zhu I Depression,pearl river mouth basin,E China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2022年第2期11卷 286-313页

作者： He-Ming Lin Hao Liu Xu-Dong Wang Xin-Wei Qiu Yong-Tao Ju Jun Meng Lei Li China National Offshore Corporation-Shenzhen Branch Shenzhen518054China School of Ocean Sciences China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing100083China North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan063210China Xi’an Shiyou University Xi'an710065China

Hydrocarbon source rocks, as a main geologic factor of petroliferous systems in a sedimentary basin, play a key role in the accumulation of oil and gas and the formation of hydrocarbon accumulations. This study, which focuses on difficulties in prediction of hydrocarbon source rocks in basins or sags with low exploration degree and insufficient hydrocarbon source rock indicators, taking the Wenchang Formation of northern Zhu I Depression, pearl river mouth basin as an example, proposed a hypothesis of “finding lakes and hydrocarbon source rocks”. Detailed steps include, first, determination of the lacustrine basin boundary according to analysis of seismic foreset facies, determination of the depositional area based on the compilation of strata residual thickness maps, determination of the lacustrine basin shape according to deciphering slope break belt system, determination of the fluctuation of paleo-water depth according to biogeochemical indicators of mature exploration areas, determination of the lacustrine basin scale based on analyses of tectonics intensity and accommodation space, which prove the existence of the lacustrine basin and identify the range of semi deep-deep lake;second, further analyses of tectonopalaeogeomorphology, paleo-provenance,palaeoclimate and paleo-water depth to reconstruct the geologic background of the original basin and semideep-deep lacustrine facies, to determine the distribution of semi-deep/deep lacustrine sediments in combination with studies of logging facies, core facies, seismic facies and sedimentary facies, and to rank the sags’ potential of developing hydrocarbon source rocks from controlling factors of source-to-sink system development;third, on the basis of regional sedimentary facies analysis, through identification and assessment of seismic facies types of semi-deep/deep lacustrine basins in mature areas, establishing “hydrocarbon source rock facies” in mature areas to instruct the identification and depicting of hydrocarbon source rocks in semideep/deep lacustrine

关键词： Wenchang Formation pearl river mouth basin Low-exploration degree areas Rift lacustrine basins Reconstruction of original basins Source-to-sink system basin filling process Hydrocarbon source rock facies

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Structural Variability and Rifting Process of the Segmented Cenozoic pearl river mouth basin,Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第6期96卷 2074-2092页

作者： MA Bingshan QI Jiafu WU Guanghui REN Jianye YANG Linlong SUN Tong CHEN Shi CHEN Weichang GE Jiawang School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China College of Marine Science and Technology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Working Station for Postdoctoral Scientific Research Shengli OilfieldDongyingShandong 257001China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Dagang Oilfield CompanyTianjin 300450China College of Geography Jining Normal UniversityUlanqabInner Mongolia 012000China

The pearl river mouth basin(PRMB)is an important area for studying the evolution of continental marginal basins in the northern South China Sea(SCS),but the structural variability and spatiotemporal rifting process remains poorly understood.This study investigates the differential structural features of the eastern,middle and western PRMB,as well as the extensional deformation laws in operation during the rifting stage,according to an integrated analysis of geometric characteristics and kinematic parameters,i.e.,horizontal displacement and stretching factors of basin and crust.The PRMB underwent at least three phases of intense extension,which varied in time and space.(1)During the middle Eocene,most sags in the PRMB were intensely stretched and high-angle planar to listric boundary faults controlled the wedge-shaped stratigraphic geometry.(2)During the late Eocene-to-early Oligocene,the stratigraphic geometry of the sags was slightly wedge-shaped and continuously controlled by boundary faults,however,the extensional strength decreased relatively in the Northern depression zone,but increased in the Southern depression zone.(3)During the late Oligocene,the extension was extremely weak in the northeast PRMB,but relatively strong in the southwest PRMB,leading to tabular stratigraphic geometry in the northeast PRMB,but localized slightly wedge-shaped stratigraphic geometry in the southwest.The southwest PRMB still underwent relatively strong extension during the early Miocene.The southwest PRMB that was induced by a small-scale localized mantle convection system constantly rifted during the late Oligocene,controlled by the weak lithosphere,westward(southwestward)diachronous opening and southward jump of the ocean ridge.The applied quantitative parameters and spatiotemporal rifting process may be used as a reference with which to study the segmented continental margin rifts.

关键词： basin structure extensional feature rifting process pearl river mouth basin northern South China Sea

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Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the pearl river mouth basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

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China Geology 2023年第3期6卷 429-442页

作者： Xiao-yin Tang Shu-chun Yang Sheng-biao Hu Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geomechanics China Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China CNOOC Research Institute Beijing 100028China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

The pearl river mouth basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

关键词： Oil and gas Hydrocarbon potential Apatite fission-track Tectonic-thermal evolution Thermal history modeling Cooling event Heating event Marine geological survey engineering Erosion amount and rate Oil-gas exploration engineering pearl river mouth basin The South China Sea

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Huizhou Movement and its significance in pearl river mouth basin, China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第3期47卷 483-498页

作者： SHI Hesheng DU Jiayuan MEI Lianfu ZHANG Xiangtao HAO Shihao LIU Pei DENG Peng ZHANG Qin Exploration Department of CNOOC Ltd. Beijing 100010China Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Ltd. Shenzhen 518000China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of EducationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

The Huizhou Movement refers to the Middle Eocene tectonic transition from the early to the late Wenchang Rifting stage(about 43 Ma ago) in the pearl river mouth basin. Based on seismic reflection, drilling, logging and geological data, fault characteristic analysis, denudation thickness recovery, magmatism statistics, regional tectonic dynamics comparison and other methods are used to reveal the characteristics, properties and dynamic mechanism of the Huizhou Movement. The Huizhou Movement mainly shows the North-South transition of rifting and the migration along the faults, basement uplift, magmatic diapir and stratigraphic denudation. It is believed that the Huizhou Movement is a comprehensive reflection of plate interaction and lithospheric thinning process in the pearl river mouth basin, which is closely related to the transition of lithosphere from initial rifting to rapid thinning, the India-Eurasia hard collision and the change of subduction direction of the Pacific plate. The Huizhou Movement has significant influence and control on the Paleogene hydrocarbon-generating sags and the development of hydrocarbon source rocks, sedimentary system and deep high-quality reservoir, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the pearl river mouth basin.

关键词： Huizhou Movement hydrocarbon accumulation Eocene Paleocene pearl river mouth basin

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Novel C15 sesquiterpanes and their origin in different crude oils from the pearl river mouth basin of China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1622-1632页

作者： BAO JianPing CHEN XiWen ZHU CuiShan Key Laboratory of Oil&Gas Resource and Exploration Technology Geochemistry DepartmentYangtze UniversityWuhan 430100China

In the saturate fractions of crude oils from the Zhu1 and Zhu2 depressions of the pearl river mouth basin,two novel C_(15) sesquiterpanes have been detected except for drimanes and rearranged drimanes.By comparison with spectra and retention times in previous studies,they have been identified as 2,2,4α,7,8-pentamethyl-trans-decalin and 2,2,4α,7,8-pentamethyl-cis-decalin,respectively,which are related to the D/Eringsof18α(H)-and18β(H)-oleanane.ResultsshowthatthenovelC15sesquiterpanesarerelativelyabundantincondensateoilsthathavehighPr/PhratiosandarerichinterrigenoustriterpanessuchasoleananeandbicadinanesfromtheZhu2depression,butevidentlylowinlacustrineoilsthathavelowPr/Phratiosandarerichin4-methylsteranesfromtheZhu1depression.ThissuggeststhatthenovelC15sesquiterpanescouldberelatedtoterrigenousorganicmatterinoriginandcanhelpdistinguishtheoriginandsourceofcrudeoilsinthestudyarea.Inaddition,thereexistcompletelydifferentcorrelationsbetweentherelativeabundancesofdifferentC15sesquiterpanesthathavedifferentsourcesandthePr/Phratio,whichindicatesredoxconditionsinthecrudeoils.Forexample,thenovelC15sesquiterpanesandcadinanethatindicateterrigenousinputarepositivelycorrelatedwiththePr/Phratio,butdrimanesandrearrangeddrimaneshavingmicrobialoriginarenegativelycorrelatedwiththePr/Phratio.ThisimpliesthattheformationofthenovelC15sesquiterpanesrequiresrelativelyoxicconditions.ThenovelC15sesquiterpanesaremuchmoreabundantincarbonaceousmudstone(Pr/Ph=7.39)thanindarkmudstone(Pr/Ph=2.19)fromtheEnpingformation,althoughtheirorganicmatterishumic.However,theyarenotcommoninsapropeliclacustrinesourcerocks(Pr/Ph=2.29)fromtheWenchangFormation.Thissuggeststhatterrigenousorganicmatterisonlyasufficientcondition,butanoxicenvironmentduringdepositionanddiagenesismaybeaprerequisitefortheformationofnovelC15sesquiterpanes.

关键词： Sesquiterpanes Drimanes Cadinane Oleanane Bicadinanes Crude oils pearl river mouth basin

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Chlorite cement and its effect on the reservoir quality of sandstones from the Panyu low-uplift,pearl river mouth basin

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Petroleum Science 2011年第2期8卷 143-150页

作者： Chen Guojun Du Guichao Zhang Gongcheng Wang Qi Lv Chengfu Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China CNOOC Research Center Beijing 100027 China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Based on porosity and permeability measurements, mercury porosimetry measurements, thin section analyses, SEM observations, X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis and granulometric analyses, diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones taken from the Zhuhai formation in the Panyu low-uplift of the Pear river mouth basin were examined. This study shows that chlorite cements are one of the most important diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones. The precipitation of chlorite was controlled by multiple factors and its development occurred early in eo-diagenesis and continued till Stage A of middle diagenesis. The precipitation of chlorite at the early stage was mainly affected by the sedimentary environment and provenance. Abundant Fe- and Mg-rich materials were supplied during the deposition of distributary channel sediments in the deltaic front setting and mainly in alkaline conditions. With the burial depth increasing, smectite and kaolinite tended to be transformed into chlorite. Smectite cements were completely transformed into chlorite in sandstones of the studied area. Volcanic lithics rich in Fe and Mg materials were dissolved and released Fe2＋ and Mg 2＋ into the pore water. These cations precipitated as chlorite cements in middle diagenesis in an alkaline diagenetic environment. Chlorite coatings acted as porosity and permeability, thus helping preserve cements in the chlorite cemented sandstones. The reservoir quality of chlorite cemented sandstones is much better than sandstones without chlorite cements. Chlorite cements play an important role in the reservoir evolution that was mainly characterized by preserving intergranular porosity and forming better pore-throat structures of sandstones.

关键词： Chlorite cement diagenesis reservoir quality Panyu low-uplift pearl river mouth basin

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Tectonic Evolution and Dynamics of Deepwater Area of pearl river mouth basin, Northern South China Sea

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2009年第1期20卷 147-159页

作者：董冬冬张功成钟锴袁圣强吴时国 Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071 China CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301 China CNOOC Research Center Beijng 100027 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China College of Georesource and Information China University of PetroleumQingdao 266555 China

Quantitative studies on the evolution and dynamics of the deepwater area of pearl river mouth basin （PRMB） were carried out based on the latest geological and seismic data. The study area is generally in an extensional state during the Cenozoic. The major extension happened in the earlier syn-rift stages before 23 Ma and the extension after 23 Ma is negligible. Two rapid subsidence periods, 32-23 Ma and 5.3-2.6 Ma, are identified, which are related to the abrupt heat decay during margin breakup and the collision between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate, respectively. The strongest crustal thinning in the Baiyun （白云） sag may trigger the syn-rift volcanism along the weak faulted belt around the sag. The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the study area could be divided into five stages： rifting （～50-40 Ma）, rift-drift transition （～40-32 Ma）, early post-breakup （～32-23 Ma）, thermal subsidence （～23-5.3 Ma） and neotectonic movement （～5.3-0 Ma）.

关键词： pearl river mouth basin South China Sea tectonic evolution dynamic mechanism stretching factor.

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Characteristics of the turbidite fan in the Wenchang Formation of the Enping Sag, pearl river mouth basin, China and its hydrocarbon significance

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Petroleum Science 2013年第3期10卷 292-302页

作者： Chen Guojun Li Chao Du Guichao Zhang Gongcheng Lü Chengfu Wang Qi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Institute of China National Offshore Oil Corporation

A turbidite fan in the Eocene upper Wenchang Formation in the Enping Sag, pearl river mouth basin （PRMB） has been studied using seismic, logging and borehole data. The fan is characterized by parallel progradation on the dip seismic profile and is mound-shaped or lenticular-shaped on the strike seismic profile. The study of the core and logging data from well EP17-3-1, which is located in the front side of the turbidite fan, shows that this fan is a set of normal grading sand beds, interbedded within thick dark grey mudstones of semi-deep to deep lake deposits in the Wenchang Formation. The fan is interpreted as a sand/mud-rich turbidite fan that has an area of over 140 km2 and a maximum thickness of over 340 m. Combined with a study of the regional geological background and previous provenance analysis of the Eocene Wenchang Formation, the main potential provenances for the turbidite fan are considered to be the Panyu low-uplift and northern fault terrace zone. The Enping Sag is considered to be a half graben-like basin whose north side is faulted and whose south side is overlapped. Basement subsidence in the Eocene was mainly controlled by boundary faults which dip relatively steeply on the north side, causing the subsidence center of the Enping Sag in this stage to be close to the north boundary faults. Sustained faults developed in the Enping Sag during the Eocene caused an increase of the relative height difference between the north and the south uplift zone in the Enping Sag. Affected by the second episode of the Zhuqiong movement （39-36 Ma） in late Eocene, sediments which had accumulated on the Panyu low-uplift zone were triggered and moved toward the subsidence center of the Enping Sag and formed the turbidite fan. The second episode of the Zhuqiong movement is the most important triggering factor for the formation of the turbidite fan in the Wenchang Formation. Seismic attribute characterization shows that the low frequency energy is enhanced and high frequency energy is weakened when seismic waves propa

关键词： pearl river mouth basin Enping Sag Wenchang Formation turbidite fan hydrocarbon exploration

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Deep-water Depositional Features of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in Baiyun Sag,pearl river mouth basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第1期87卷 197-210页

作者： LI Yun ZHENG Rongcai YANG Baoquan ZHU Guojin GAO Boyu HU Xiaoqing State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of Technology China National Offshore Oil Corporation Research Center

Eleven lithofacies and five lithofacies associations were indentified in the Miocene Zhujiang Formation on the basis of detailed core analysis. It could he determined that three depositional types developed, namely submarine fan, basin and deep-water traction current. Six microfacies were further recognized within the fan, including main channels in the inner fan, distributary channels in the middle fan, inter-channels, levees and the outer fan. The lower Zhujiang Formation, mainly sandstone associations, was inner fan and inner-middle fan deposits of the basin fan and the slope fan. The middle part, mainly mudstone associations, was outer fan deposits. With the transgression, the submarine fan was finally replaced by the basinal pelagic deposits which were dominated by mudstone associations, siltstone associations, and deep-water limestone associations. During the weak gravity flow activity, the lower channels, the middle-upper outer fans and basin deposits were strongly modified by the deep-water traction current. The identification of the deep-water traction deposition in Miocene Zhujiang Formation would be of great importance. It could be inferred that the deep- water traction current had been existing after the shelf-break formation since the Late Oligocene （23.8 Ma） in the Baiyun sag, influencing and controlling the sediment composition, the distribution, and depositional processes. It would provide great enlightenment to the paleo-oceanic current circulation in the northern South China Sea.

关键词： northern South China Sea pearl river mouth basin Baiyun Sag Zhujiang Formation,submarine fan

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