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Computing payment for ecosystem services in watersheds: An analysis of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第12期23卷 2005-2012页

作者： Zhengju Dong Yan Yan Jing Duan Xiao Fu Qingrong Zhou Xiang Huang Xiangen Zhu Jingzhu Zhao Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China North Research Center for Rural Wastewater Treatment Technology Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China Beijing 100085 China Bureau of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power of Shiyan City Hubei 442000 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

payment for ecosystem services （PES） has attracted considerable attention as an economic incentive for promoting natural resource management recently. As emphasis has been placed on using the incentive-based mechanism by the central government, rapid progress on PES research and practice has been achieved. However PES still faces many difficulties. A key issue is the lack of a fully-fledged theory and method to clearly define the design scope, accounting and feasibility of PES criteria. An improved watershed criteria model was developed in light of research on PES practices in China, investigations on the water source area for the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion and ecosystem services outflows theory. The basic principle of assessment is the direct and opportunity cost for ecological conservation and environmental protection in the water source area deduct nationally-financed PES and internal effect. Then the scope and the criteria methods were determined, and internal effect was put forward to define benefits brought from water source area. Finally, Shiyan City, which is the main water source area for the Project of Water Diversion, was analyzed by this model and its payment was calculated. The results showed that：（1） during 2003–2050, the total direct cost and opportunity cost would reach up to 262.70 billion and 256.33 billion Chinese Yuan （CNY, 2000 constant prices）, i.e., 50.61% and 49.38% of total cost, respectively; （2） Shiyan City would gain 0.23, 0.06 and 0.03 CNY/m3 in 2014–2020, 2021–2030, and 2031–2050, respectively.

关键词： watershed payment for ecosystem services ecosystem services cost-benefit analysis Middle Route Project of South-to- North Water Diversion

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Estimating farmers’stated willingness to accept pay for ecosystem services:case of Lake Naivasha watershed payment for ecosystem services scheme-Kenya

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Ecological Processes 2016年第1期5卷 180-194页

作者： J.M.Nyongesa H.K.Bett J.K.Lagat O.I.Ayuya Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management Egerton UniversityP.O.Box 53620115 Egerton-NjoroKenya

Introduction:Lake Naivasha watershed is recognized for its contribution to Kenya’s national gross domestic product from the export of horticultural *** horticultural investment downstream depends mainly on the Lake’s *** fresh water lake lacks surface outflow,and its recharge depends on river Malewa flowing from upper catchment in Aberdare ***,unsustainable land use practices in the upper catchment has led to increasing sediment loading and pollution in river Malewa which affects water quality in the Lake *** for Environmental services(PES)scheme has been initiated as an alternative incentive approach to motivate upstream smallholder farmers adopt sustainable land use practices for conservation of watershed *** paper analyzes willingness to accept pay(WTA)as proxy economic measure of environmental service(ES)value and determines socio-economic factors influencing farmers WTA for watershed *** analyzed the WTA and characterized WTA underlying socio-economic determinants in two PES intervention sites in ***:The objective of this study was to estimate WTA and determine socio-economic factors influencing ***-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 PES farmers through face-to-face *** applied contingent valuation(CV)and logistic regression for data analyses to elicit farmer’s WTA estimates to implement PES farm practices and determine socio-economic factors influencing WTA,***:Results revealed over 90% of respondents were farmers and 60% had primary level of *** household farm size was 2.305 acres and family size was six members on *** recorded a monthly marginal household increase in gross income from Kshs.6891.969(US$68.92)before PES to Kshs.11,011.48(US$110.12)with PES *** estimated annual lowest and highest WTA for PES farm practices were at Kshs.8835(US$88.35)for grass strip and Kshs.21,847.500(US$218.48

关键词： Conservation ecosystem services Livelihoods payment for ecosystem services Practice Watershed Willingness to accept pay

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payment for ecosystem services Markets and Rural Development in BrazilmA Co-evolutionary Approach

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2013年第5期2卷 276-288页

作者： Shigeo Shiki Simone de Faria Narciso Shiki Patricia Lopes Rosado Elaine Aparecida Fernandes Economics Department Federal University of Viqosa Vigosa-MG 36570 000 Brazil Economic Sciences Department Federal University of S6o Jo6o Del Rei S6o Jo6o Del Rei-MG 3630 7372 Brazil

The article discusses the payment for ecosystem or environmental services markets in Brazil with a critical review, based on the ecological economics literature and focused on the concept of co-evolution. It is argued that the mainstream approach which considers ecosystem services as an externality has many shortcomings and fails to consider institutional and political aspects---all very critical for the design and implementation of a PES （payment for ecosystem services） project or program. The complexity and the diversity of co-evolutionary relations between ecosystem services and socioeconomic activities are spatially or territorially specific. In this sense, different types of PES market have to adapt and coevolve with different ongoing development processes.

关键词： payment for ecosystem services co-evolutionary approach rural development.

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A review of spatial targeting methods of payment for ecosystem services

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Geography and Sustainability 2020年第2期1卷 132-140页

作者： Yanan Guo Hua Zheng Tong Wu Jian Wu Brian E.Robinson State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100085China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Environment and Natural Resources Renmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China Department of Geography McGill UniversityMontreal QC H3A 0B9Canada

payments for ecosystem services(PES)have been studied extensively over the past decade as an important policy tool for coordinating ecological protection and regional socioeconomic *** of the greatest challenges of PES implementation is to understand where to pay,i.e.,spatial targeting,which can directly impact PES effectiveness and *** this study,we conducted a systematic review of spatial targeting methods based on literature analysis using ***,peer-reviewed articles related to spatial targeting of PES were selected from the Web of Science database based on *** applying PES spatial targeting methods were then chosen and analyzed after all articles were *** total,70%of the chosen cases focused on improving the compensation efficiency of biodiversity or another single environmental objective,whereas the remaining cases focused on coordinating trade-offs between equity and efficiency or multiple environmental *** main PES spatial targeting approaches included cost-benefit analysis,multi-objective optimization,data envelope analysis and other methods aimed at specific *** these,cost-benefit analysis has been most widely applied at different scales,including county,regional and watershed *** differences among the different PES spatial targeting methods were found,including in PES spatial targeting dimensions,efficiency optimization approaches and method application *** practice of PES spatial targeting requires the selection of appropriate methods based on contextual biophysical and socioeconomic conditions as well as relevant environmental *** combined application of PES spatial targeting methods,compensation willingness of stakeholders and dynamic implementation of PES spatial targeting should be considered in future research.

关键词： payment for ecosystem services Spatial targeting Efficiency Cost-benefit analysis Multi-objective optimization Data envelopment analysis

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Assessment of payment for ecosystem services in Zomba Mountain Forest Catchment Area, Malawi

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2016年第6期5卷 286-292页

作者： Willie Sagona Paxie Chirwa Thokozani Kanyerere Herbert Jenya Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Kufa Road Zomba 270 Malawi Department of Plant Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria Hartfield 0028 South Africa Department of Earth Science University of Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road Bellville 7535 Republic of South Africa

The emergence of payment for ecosystem services （PES） concept has raised expectations that ecosystem conservation can be achieved through popular payments rather than through unpopular measures of command and control. A study on PES was conducted in Zomba Mountain Forest （ZMF） catchment area in southern Malawi between August and December 2009. The aim was to assess stakeholders＇ role that would promote payment for ecosystem services as a management tool. A purposive sampling was used to identify the respondents who were randomly sampled for interviews. The findings show that PES can be used as a management tool in ZMF as there are key stakeholders who benefit from the catchment area in terms of services. While there is moderate level of PES awareness among the community and other stakeholders, the current forest policy does not address PES which may derail implementation of a fully fledged PES arrangement. The study revealed that existing management challenges originate from inadequate funding that ZMF Reserve gets from government. However, this challenge offers opportunities to stakeholders through PES to contribute and participate in conserving ZMF for sustained flow of benefits.

关键词： Conservation forest catchment management payment for ecosystem services stakeholders' role.

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payment for Water-Related ecosystem services as a Strategic Watershed Management Approach

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第8期14卷 660-684页

作者： Mariana Beraldi Rigonato Kaline de Mello Roberta Averna Valente Luiz Carlos Faria Department of Environmental Science Federal University of Sao Carlos Sorocaba Brazil

payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.

关键词： payment for ecosystem services Water Resources Conservation Strategies Watershed Management Landscape Planning

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生态补偿理论研究进展及争论

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生态环境与保护 2017年第7期 130-137页

作者：范明明李文军

生态补偿的概念自提出便受到学界和政府决策者的广泛关注，并迅速成为近20年来生态保护的主要政策手段。虽然基于生态补偿的政策手段被大范围使用，但是生态补偿的相关理论却处于发展与争论的阶段，该理论的适用性及对现实问题的剖析在... 详细信息

生态补偿的概念自提出便受到学界和政府决策者的广泛关注，并迅速成为近20年来生态保护的主要政策手段。虽然基于生态补偿的政策手段被大范围使用，但是生态补偿的相关理论却处于发展与争论的阶段，该理论的适用性及对现实问题的剖析在实践过程中备受质疑。本文梳理了生态补偿理论发展及构建的过程，将其总结为生态系统服务概念的提出、生态系统服务价值评估方法的建立、以及生态系统服务市场机制的构建三个主要阶段。已有研究更多集中在生态补偿的具体实施层面，如补偿标准、补偿方式、效果评估等方面，但是对基础理论探讨不足。本文从生态补偿理论发展及构建的三个过程，综述了目前对生态补偿理论的讨论及争议，认为在处理“社会—生态”关系的核心问题上，尤其在一些长期依赖并利用自然资源的传统地区或者民族地区，目前学术界和政策决策者均对此问题缺乏深入的理解，这也是实践中生态补偿政策未达到理想效果的主要原因之一。最后，本文提出用“社会生态系统服务”一词代替目前所使用的“生态系统服务”，这一概念有助于在理论上避免忽视社会系统及社会与生态系统二者之间的关系，减少不当外部政策干预。

关键词：生态系统服务生态补偿社会生态系统 Secosystem services payment for ecosystem services social ecological system

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