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Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health？

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第9期30卷 67-75页

作者： Rongshan Wu Xiaoming Song Yingchen Bai Jie Chen Qian Zhao Shuo Liu Hongbing Xu Baihuan Feng Yi Zhang Liuju Zhong Xuemei Wang Pengchang Wu Wei Huang Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Peking University School of Public Health Beijing 100191 China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education Pekin9 University Beijin9 100191 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Ris}e Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012 China Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering Foshan 528216 China Institute for Environmental and Climate Research Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards （NAAQS） for particulate matter （PM） in 2012 （GB3095-2012）. To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a meta- analysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5μm （PM10 and PM2.5） in China. The reported 24-hour concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m^3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m^3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM. In specific, per 10 μg/m^3 increase in PM10, we observed increases of 0.40% （95%CI： 0.33%, 0.47%）, 0.57% （95%CI： 0.44%, 0.70%） and 0.49% （95%CI： 0.40%, 0.58%） in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10/μg/m^3 increase in PM2.5, we observed increases of 0.51% （95% CI： 0.38%, 0.63%）, 0.62% （95%CI： 0.52%, 0.73%） and 0.75% （95%CI： 0.54%, 0.95%） in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m^3 for PM10 and 62.5 μg/ m^3 for PM2.5 as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on long-term exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.

关键词： particulate matter Mortality Meta-analysis Air quality standard China

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Application of low-cost particulate matter sensors for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment in underground mines:A review

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第8期29卷 1475-1490页

作者： Nana A.Amoah Guang Xu Yang Wang Jiayu Li Yongming Zou Baisheng Nie Department of Mining Engineering Missouri University of Science and TechnologyRollaMissouri 65401USA Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental EngineeringMissouri University of Science and TechnologyRollaMissouri 65401USA Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55455USA China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute Fushun 113122China State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology Fushun 113122China School of Resources and Safety Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China

Exposure to mining-induced particulate matter(PM)including coal dust and diesel particulate matter(DPM)causes severe respirat-ory diseases such as coal workers’pneumoconiosis(CWP)and lung *** spatiotemporal resolution of current PM monitors causes miners to be exposed to unknown PM concentrations,with increased overexposure ***-cost PM sensors offer a potential solution to this challenge with their capability in characterizing PM concentrations with high spatiotemporal ***,their application in underground mines has not been *** the aim of examining the potential application of low-cost sensors in underground mines,a critical review of the present status of PM sensor research is *** working principles of present PM monitors and low-cost sensors are *** error sources are identified,and comprehensive calibration processes are presented to correct *** protocols are pro-posed to evaluate sensor performance prior to deployment,and the potential application of low-cost sensors is discussed.

关键词： particulate matter low-cost sensors air quality underground mine sensor calibration

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Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed,deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第4期25卷 751-757页

作者： Khamphe Phoungthong Surajit Tekasakul Perapong Tekasakul Gumpon Prateepchaikul Naret Jindapetch Masami Furuuchi Mitsuhiko Hata Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry(PERCH-CIC) Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhla 90112Thailand Energy Technology Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringPrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhla 90112Thailand National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management(EHWM) Southern Consortium Universities at Prince of Songkla University Hat YaiSongkhla 90112Thailand Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa 920-1162Japan

Mixed crude palm oil （MCPO）, the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil, has become of great interest as a renewable energy source. It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits. In the present work, the degummed, deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage. The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler. The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10, 2.5 and 1μm, while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1 μm. Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accmnulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles （〈 1 μm） showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs （4--6 aromatic rings）, especially pyrene. The mass median diameter, PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content, but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased. In addition, Commercial petroleum diesel （PB0） gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent （BaPeq） for all particle size ranges. As the palm oil was increased, the; BaPeq decreased gradually. Therefore the degununed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.

关键词： mixed crude palm oil palm oil blend agricultural diesel engine potycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particulate matter

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Effect of the amount of trapped particulate matter on diesel particulate filter regeneration performance using nonthermal plasma assisted by exhaust waste heat

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第1期22卷 87-95页

作者： Yunxi SHI Yixi CAI Xiaohua LI Xiaoyu PU Nan ZHAO Weikai WANG School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013People's Republic of China

An experimental system of diesel particulate filter(DPF)regeneration using non-thermal plasma(NTP)technology assisted by exhaust waste heat was conducted and regeneration experiments of DPFs with different amounts of trapped particulate matter(PM)were *** concentrations of the PM decomposition products(CO,)and the internal temperature of the DPF were monitored to determine the performance of DPF regeneration and thermal safety of the NTP *** results showed that the concentrations of CO and CO2and the mass of P.V1 decomposition increased with the increase in the amount of captured PM,whereas the concentration of the NTP active substance(O,)escaping from the DPF decreased under the same working conditions of the NTP injection system.A higher amount of captured PM promoted the oxidative decomposition reaction between NTP and PM and improved the utilization rate of the NTP active *** peak temperature at the same measuring point inside the DPF generally increased and the phases of the peak temperature were delayed as the amount of captured PM *** temperature peaks and temperature gradients during the DPF regeneration process were far lower than llie failure limit value,which indicates that NTP regeneration technology has good thermal durability and increases the service life of the DPF.

关键词： diesel diesel particulate filter regeneration particulate matter non-thermal plasma

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A method for quantifying bias in modeled concentrations and source impacts for secondary particulate matter

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第5期10卷 153-164页

作者： Cesunica E. lvey Heather A. Holmes Yongtao Hu James A. Muiholland Armistead G. Russell School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA Department of Physics University of Nevada Reno 1664 N Virginia St Reno NV 89557 USA

Community Multi-Scale Air Quality （CMAQ） estimates of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, and organic carbon are highly influenced by uncertainties in modeled secondary formation processes, such as chemical mechanisms, volatilization, and condensation rates. These compounds constitute the majority ofPM2.5 mass, and reducing bias in estimated concentrations has benefits for policy measures and epidemiological studies. In this work, a method for adjusting source impacts on secondary species is developed that provides estimates of source contributions and reduces bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations. The bias correction adjusts concentrations and source impacts based on the difference between modeled concentrations and observations while taking into account uncertainties at the location of interest; and it is applied both spatially and temporally. We apply the method over the US for 2006. The mean bias for initial CMAQ concentrations compared to observations is -0.28 （OC）, 0.11 （NO3）, 0.05 （NH4）, and -0.08 （SO4）. The normalized mean bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations was effectively zero for OC, NO3, NH4, and SO4 after applying the secondary bias correction. Ten-fold cross-validation was conducted to determine the performance of the spatial application of the bias correction. Cross-validation performance was favorable; correlation coefficients were greater than 0.69 for all species when comparing observations and concentrations based on kriged correction factors. The methods presented here address model uncertainties by improving simulated concentrations and source impacts of secondary particulate matter through data assimilation. Secondary-adjusted concentrations and source impacts from 20 emissions sources are generated for 2006 over continental US.

关键词： particulate matter Source apportionment Secondary particulate matter Chemical transport modeling Receptor modeling

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Design and performance of a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler for efficient airborne particulate matter sampling

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建筑模拟(英文) 2023年第8期16卷 1439-1450页

作者： Xihui Liu Yan Wang Yilun Gao Cong Liu Jinhan Mo College of Civil and Transportation Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control Department of Building ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Energy and Environment Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Key Laboratory of Coastal Urban Resilient Infrastructures(Shenzhen University) Ministry of EducationShenzhen 518060China Key Laboratory of Eco Planning&Green Building(Tsinghua University) Ministry of EducationBeijing 100084China

Considering that people spend more than 80%of their time indoors,ambient particulate matter(PM)in the built environment could pose severe environmental health risks to public *** sampling,a technique for the enrichment of PM in the air,is essential for ambient PM composition analysis to understand its environmental and health *** filtering method that is widely used features a complex post-processing and carries the risk of pore *** is a great challenge to sample airborne PM efficiently for subsequent ***,we proposed a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler based on corona discharge and a modified vertically focused electric field for efficient PM *** intercoupling physical fields in the developed sampler were analyzed,including corona discharge,airflow,particle charging and particle *** collection efficiencies for particles with various sizes(0.01–10μm)were conducted by simulation and the lowest efficiency occurs at about 0.3–0.5μ*** an increase in discharging voltage from−6 kV to−9 kV,the lowest efficiency rises from 88.2%to 96.6%.An electrostatic sampler entity was manufactured to test the collection efficiency of PM and the results are in good agreement with the *** induced ring plate can significantly improve the total collection efficiency from 35%to 90%under−6 kV discharging voltage in the *** novel electrostatic sampler exhibits potential and enlightenment for efficient and convenient PM sampling.

关键词： particulate matter electrostatic PM sampler electric field particle charging

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Long term exposure to ambient air particulate matter and mortality effects in Megacity of Tehran,Iran:2012-2017

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Particuology 2021年第5期19卷 139-146页

作者： Mehdi Fazlzadeh Roohollah Rostami Fatemeh Yousefian Masud Yunesian Hosna Janjani Social Determinants of Health Research Center Ardabil University of Medical SciencesArdabilIran Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies Semnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis Institute for Environmental ResearchTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran

Ambient particulate matter(PM)is the major environmental concern in Tehran,*** to such particles is a serious global health concern and substantial evidence indicates that exposure to particulate matter contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory ***,we provide a detailed health impact of ambient air pollution in Tehran by linking PM pollution with mortality caused by cardiovascular and respiratory *** quality data of PM obtained from Tehran Air Quality Monitoring Stations(TAQMSs)during 2012–*** mining methods conducted by Spatio-temporal outlier detection and“Air Pollution and Health:a European Approach(APHEA)project”was applied to impute missing ***-series data were analyzed to estimate the associations between PM pollution and cause-specific mortality at different lags in *** on descriptive analysis,PM_(2.5) is expected to be a major influencing factor in the increased cardiovascular-related death(CVD)and respiratory dysfunction related death(RD)*** cross-correlation analysis showed the same source for PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) in the ambient air of ***,the results indicated delays of about 7-15 days from the increased concentrations of PMs and the observed rising in CVD and RD *** analysis showed a more decreasing trend for PM_(2.5) pollutions than PM_(10) pollution and a slightly increasing trend for cause-specific deaths during *** term exposure to high PM levels increases the CVD and RD deaths and control strategies along with control regulations should be considered to control PM.

关键词： Air pollution particulate matter Cardiovascular related death Respiratory dysfunction related death Tehran

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Improving modeling of low-altitude particulate matter emission and dispersion:A cotton gin case study

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第11期133卷 8-22页

作者： Zijiang Yang Michael N.Evans Michael D.Buser Cathleen J.Hapeman Alba Torrents Derek P.Whitelock Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland College Park1173 Glenn L.Martin HallCollege ParkMaryland 20742United States Department of Geology University of Maryland College Park1212B Chemistry BuildingCollege ParkMaryland 20742United States Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center 1120 Geology BuildingUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742United States United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceOffice of National Programs5601 Sunnyside Ave(GWCC 4–2282)BeltsvilleMaryland 20705United States United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceHenry A.Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center10300 Baltimore AvenueBeltsvilleMaryland 20705United States United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceSouthwestern Cotton Ginning Research LaboratoryPO Box 578Mesilla ParkNew Mexico 88047United States

Monitoring and modeling of airborne particulate matter(PM)from low-altitude sources is becoming an important regulatory target as the adverse health consequences of PM become better ***,application of models not specifically designed for simulation of PM from low-altitude emissions may bias *** address this problem,we describe the modification and validation of an air dispersion model for the simulation of lowaltitude PM dispersion from a typical cotton ginning *** found that the regulatory recommended model(AERMOD)overestimated pollutant concentrations by factors of 64.7,6.97 and 7.44 on average for PM 2.5,PM 10,and TSP,*** concentrations were negatively correlated with height(p<0.05),distance from source(p<0.05)and standard deviation of wind direction(p<0.001),and positively correlated with average wind speed(p<0.001).Based on these results,we developed dispersion correction factors for AERMOD and cross-validated the revised model against independent observations,reducing overestimation factors to 3.75,1.52 and 1.44 for PM 2.5,PM 10 and TSP,*** reductions in model error may be obtained from use of additional observations and refinement of dispersive correction *** generally,the correction permits the validated adjustment and application of pre-existing models for risk assessment and development of remediation *** same approach may also be applied to improve simulations of other air pollutants and environmental conditions of concern.

关键词： Air quality particulate matter Air dispersion modelling Cotton gin

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Adhesive surface-enhanced Raman scattering Cu-Au nanoassembly for the sensitive analysis of particulate matter

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第6期128卷 35-44页

作者： Ning Wang Zhiqiang Gan Fengkui Duan Hui Chen Chensheng Ma Jie Ji Zhenli Sun MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)has been used in atmospheric aerosol detection as it enables the high-resolution analysis of particulate ***,its use in the detection of historical samples without damaging the sampling membrane while achieving effective transfer and the high-sensitivity analysis of particulate matter from sample films remains *** this study,a new type of SERS tape was developed,consisting of Au nanoparticles(NPs)on an adhesive double-sided Cu film(DCu).The enhanced electromagnetic field generated by the coupled resonance of the local surface plasmon resonances of AuNPs and DCu led to an enhanced SERS signal with an experimental enhancement factor of 10^(7).The AuNPs were semi-embedded and distributed on the substrate,and the viscous DCu layer was exposed,enabling particle *** substrates exhibited good uniformity and favorable reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 13.53%and 9.74%respectively,and the substrates could be stored for 180 days with no signs of signal *** application of the substrates was demonstrated by the extraction and detection of malachite green and ammonium salt particulate *** results demonstrated that SERS substrates based on AuNPs and DCu are highly promising in real–world environmental particle monitoring and detection.

关键词： Surfaced-enhanced Raman scattering particulate matter Adhesive plasmonic coupling Electromagnetic enhancement

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Investigation of the Potential and Mechanism of Clove for Mitigating Airborne particulate matter Emission from Stationary Sources

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2017年第2期14卷 390-400页

作者： Jin Tong Xin Liu Ronaldo Maghirang Kaiqi Wei Linna Liu Chun Wang Yunhai Ma Donghui Chen Hongjia Yan Li Guo Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education of China) Jilin University Changchun 130022 China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 China Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA Institute of Military Veterinary Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun 130122 China Department of Planning and Construction Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China

Vegetative Barriers （VB） have the potential to mitigate air pollutants emitted from area sources, including concentrated Animal Feeding Operations （AFOs）. However, the mechanism has not been fully investigated, thereby limiting the application of vegetation systems in practice. An experimental method with repeatable and controllable conditions was developed to measure the change of particulate matter （PM） concentrations at upwind and downwind of VB in the wind tunnel and observe accumulated PM on leaves with Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM）, thus evaluating the ability of VB in mitigating PM emitted from AFOs. Branch-scale vegetation, clove （syzygium aromaticum） was selected because its leaves are one of the major factors affecting PM dispersion. The results show that the branch-scale barriers, as porous medium have the ability to interfere with airflow and reduce PM, which could be influenced by wind speed, particle size fraction and surface area density of clove. Moreover, clove elements could adjust to the wind and the micro structure of clove （such as the hierarchical structures of leaves） affected on the PM deposition. These results indicate that the methods developed in this study may be used to evaluate the potential of vegetation in mitigating PM from stationary sources, and some characteristics of vegetation can be further studied as bionic prototype for exploring engineering application of reducing particulates.

关键词： vegetative barrier particulate matter wind tunnel clove animal feeding operation

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