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Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第5期20卷 558-564页

作者： ZHANG Yejian YAN Li QIAO Xiangli CHI Lina NIU Xiangjun MEI Zhijian ZHANG Zhenjia School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China College of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325000 China

palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent （POME）, posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration （UF） and reverse osmosis （RO） membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount （except for K and Na）. The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.

关键词： palm oil mill effluent expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) membrane technology ultrafiltration (UF) reverse osmosis (RO)

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Bioremediation strategies of palm oil mill effluent and landfill leachate using microalgae cultivation:An approach contributing towards environmental sustainability

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2023年第5期34卷 57-71页

作者： Imran Ahmad Natasha Nabila Binti Ibrahim Norhayati Abdullah Iwamoto Koji Shaza Eva Mohamad Kuan Shiong Khoo Wai Yan Cheah Tau Chuan Ling Pau Loke Show Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology(MJIIT)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra54100Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaJalan BrogaSemenyih 43500Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia Centre of Research in Development Social and Environment(SEEDS)Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 UKM BangiSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya50603Kuala LumpurMalaysia Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China Department of Sustainable Engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSIMATSChennai 602105India

palm oil mill effluent(POME)is defined as the wastewater that contains high concentrations of organics,nutrients and oil and grease generated from the production process of palm ***,proper discharge and management of POME is important to avoid deleterious impact on the *** fact,solid waste generation is a precursor for its disposal issues as most of the solid waste generated in developing nations is dumped into *** has led to the threat posed by the generation of landfill leachate(LL).LL is a complex dark coloured liquid consisting of organic matter,inorganic substances,trace elements and ***,it is essential to effectively treat the landfill leachate before discharging it to avoid contamination of soil,surface&groundwater *** treatment methods comprises of physical,biological and chemical treatment,however,microalgal-based treatment could also be ***,with the benefits offered by microalgae in valorisation,the application of microalgae in POME and leachate treatment as well as biofuel production,is considerably *** paper provides an acumen of the microalgae-based treatment of POME and LL,integrated with biofuel production in a systematic and critical *** pollutants assimilation from wastewater and CO_(2)biosequestration are discussed for environmental *** systems for wastewater treatment with simultaneous biomass production and its valorisation,are *** study aims to provide insight to industrial stakeholders on economically viable and environmentally sustainable treatment of wastewaters using microalgae,and eventually contributing to the circular bioeconomy and environmental sustainability.

关键词： Microalgae Biofuel Landfill leachate palm oil mill effluent Treatment Sustainability

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Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第6期20卷 658-663页

作者： ZHANG Yejian YAN Li CHI Lina LONG Xiuhua MEI Zhijian ZHANG Zhenjia School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China College of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325000 China

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill effluent （POME）. The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d, with organic loading rate （OLR） increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/（m^3·d）. The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand, high COD removal of 91% was obtained at two days＇ of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/（m^3·d）. On the other hand, only 46% COD in raw POME was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% （V/V）. A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane was 56%. Volatile fatty acid （VFA） accumulation was observed in the later operation stage, and this was settled by supplementing trace metal elements. On the whole, the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity. Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.

关键词： palm oil mill effluent mesophilic anaerobic digestion expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)

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Microwave physicochemical activation:an advanced approach to produce activated biochar for palm oil mill effluent treatment

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2022年第4期4卷 323-333页

作者： Kew Kiong Kong Peter Nai Yuh Yek How Sing Sii Man Djun Lee Rock Keey Liew Su Shiung Lam Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development University of Technology Sarawak96000SibuSarawakMalaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering Curtin University98009MiriSarawakMalaysia NV WESTERN PLT No.208BSecond FloorMacalister Road10400GeorgetownPenangMalaysia Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICoE) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries(AKUATROP)Universiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala Nerus21030TerengganuMalaysia Sustainability Cluster School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesDehradunUttarakhand248007India

Empty fruit bunch(EFB)is an industrial waste that is abundantly available in ***,EFBs were burned and dumped on the plantation site,resulting in global warming pollution from methane and carbon *** this study,the EFB was transformed into a high-surface area of activated biochar through a microwave physicochemical approach involving the combination of steam followed by a hydroxide mixture for palm oil mill effluent(POME)*** was found that BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)surface area and total pore volume of activated biochar were 365.60 m^(2)/g and 0.16 cm^(3)/g,*** surface morphology of activated biochar revealed the formation of well-developed pores that can potentially be used as adsorbents to treat *** removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)of POME achieved 75%-55%,*** study offers insight into the transformation of industrial waste into value-added products for sustainable environmental remediation.

关键词： Empty fruit bunch Microwave Physicochemical Activated biochar palm oil mill effluent

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Aerobic Degradation Process in palm oil mill— Issues, Challenges and Upsurging Its Efficiency through Bioremediation

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2022年第7期14卷 515-530页

作者： Ili Bazilah Abd Razak Nor Hidayah Bohari Elya Masya Mohd Fishal Nurul Lina Mohamad Muhamad Nurfikri Azmi Muhammad Firdaus Fahmi Mohd Razali Hamdan Ibrahim Crop Protection and Biosolution Department FGV R&D Sdn Bhd Lengkuk Teknologi Bandar Enstek Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Feed and Industrial Technology FGV Applied Technologies Sdn Bhd Lengkuk Teknologi Bandar Enstek Negeri Sembilan Malaysia

palm oil mill effluent (POME) is liquid waste produced from palm oil extraction process. Discharging it to the river without treatment is violation according to Malaysia Environment of Quality Act (EQA) 1974. In Malaysia, ponding system is a conventional treatment method for POME due to its economical and simple process. The treatment process mainly involves two main treatment phases;anaerobic and aerobic degradation. Anaerobic degradation has a proven track record in reducing pollutant properties in POME up to 85%. The real challenge is to increase the efficiency of aerobic process as the biological oxygen demand (BOD) discharge limit has been further reduced from 100 mg·L-1 to less than 20 mg·L-1. One of economical and feasible approach to increase the efficiency of aerobic phase is via bioremediation. This paper describes the limitation of aerobic degradation in ponding system, besides discussed on the important aspects that need to be optimized for a success implementation of bioremediation and its challenges.

关键词： Aerobic Anaerobic Bioremediation Biological Oxygen Demand palm oil mill effluent

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