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Nitrogen-based fertilizers differentially affect protist community composition in paddy field soils

Soil Ecology Letters 2024年第3期6卷 35-44页

作者： Seda Ozer Bodur Solomon Oloruntoba Samuel Kazuki Suzuki Naoki Harada Rasit Asiloglu Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA Institute of Science and Technology Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan

Protists are one of the most diverse and dominant microbial groups and they play critical roles in the soil *** nitrogen fertilizers have a profound impact on protist communities,still less is known about how different nitrogen fertilizer types affect protist community composition in different soil *** we investigated the effects of six inorganic nitrogen fertilizers(urea,ammonium nitrate,ammonium sulfate,potassium nitrate,ammonium chloride,and diammonium hydrogen phosphate)and an organic fertilizer(a mixture of rice husk and cow manure)on protist community composition in three paddy field soils using a high-throughput sequencing *** effect of the fertilizers on the functional groups of protists,namely consumers(predators and decomposers),photoautotrophs,and parasites(plant pathogens and animal parasites)was also *** results showed that nitrogen fertilizers had distinctive effects on the beta diversity of the protists,while we also observed that the same fertilizer had slightly different effects depending on the soil *** and Rhizaria were the most affected protist taxonomical groups,while predatory protists were the main functional groups that were affected by nitrogen *** forest analysis showed that most of the fertilizer-affected protists were predators,among which Cercozoa was the most affected *** conclusion,our results provide important insights into the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on soil protist communities.

关键词： nitrogen fertilizer bottom-up paddy field predatory protist soil protist community

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Drift and deposition of ultra-low altitude and low volume application in paddy field

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2014年第4期7卷 23-28页

作者： Xue Xinyu Tu Kang Qin Weicai Yubin Lan Huihui Zhang Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210014China Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of AgricultureNanjing 210014China South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642China USDA-ARS Fort CollinsCA 80526USA

field trials were performed to evaluate various techniques for measuring spray deposition and aerial drift during spray application to paddy *** application of a spraying agent containing the fluorescent dye Rhodamine-B was applied by an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)which flew at a height of 5 m,a speed of 3 m/s,and the wind speed of 3 m/*** results showed that because the downdraft produced by a helicopter rotor increased the penetrability of crops,there is a higher deposition on the upper layer and the under layer than the traditional *** average deposition on the upper layer accounts for 28% of the total spraying,the deposition on the under layer accounts for 26% of the total *** deposition on the under layer takes up 92.8% of the deposition on the upper *** drift data showed that the drift of non-target area took up 12.9% of the total liquid *** 90% drifting droplets were located within a range of 8 m of the target area;the drift quantity was almost zero at a distance of 50 m away from the treated area.

关键词： paddy field ultra-low altitude low volume UAV droplet drift deposition

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Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2000年第3期12卷 337-343页

作者： LI Shi\|yu 1, Tohru Morioka 2 (1. Institute of Environmental Science, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China. E-mail: eeslsy@*** 2.Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada oka 2 1, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan. E- 中山大学广东广州 51 0 2 75 Osaka University 日本 Osaka 56 5

The risk of drinking water is greatly concerned because of the large amount of pesticide applied to paddy field and the contamination of drinking water sources due to the runoff. A mathematical model is developed, based on the mass balance, to predict the fate of paddy field pesticides from application, runoff and mixing in a river, taking account of the physical chemical properties and processes of volatilization, degradation, adsorption and desorption. The model is applied to a river basin in Japan to estimate the contaminant level of several popularly used pesticides at the water intakes. The health risk in drinking water induced by each pesticide concerned is estimated and evaluated by comparing with the acceptable daily intake values(ADI) and with that induced by trihalomethanes. An index to evaluate the total risk of all pesticides appearing in water is proposed. The methods for risk management are also discussed.

关键词： modeling pesticide paddy field environmental risk assessment drinking water

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Design and test of laser-controlled paddy field levelling-beater

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2020年第1期13卷 57-65,F0002页

作者： Hao Zhou Lian Hu Xiwen Luo Lingmao Tang Pan Du Ting Mao Runmao Zhao Jing He Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China

The technology for implementing a precise soil beating after precise soil levelling was proposed to improve the flatness of the paddy field and shorten the cycle time between the soil beating and levelling;in addition,a laser-controlled paddy field levelling-beater was designed according to the working *** the grade and tilt of the levelling scraper and beating mechanism are automatically controlled according to the levelling-beater vertical height and the tractor roll angle,*** designed levelling-beater is capable of precise levelling and beating paddy fields at the same time with an adjustable beating depth.A paddy field test of the levelling-beater was conducted to compare the performance under both manual and automatic control modes,with the roll angles of the tractor and the levelling-beater measured using two attitude and heading reference systems(AHRSs),and the change in grade of the levelling-beater was measured using a global navigation satellite system(GNSS).The test results demonstrate that the operational quality of the levelling-beater is more stable when operating in automatic control mode than when operating in manual control *** specifically,the elevation of the levelling-beater varied±4 cm around the mean elevation and roll angle varied within the range of±0.5°when operating in automatic control ***,when operating in manual control mode,the elevation and roll angle were greater than±11 cm and±2.5°,*** test results also demonstrate that the laser-controlled paddy field levelling-beater significantly improves the paddy field flatness,and enables it to operate at a stable depth to realise an even levelling and beating *** specifically,the maximum variation of elevation was reduced from 26.4 cm before the levelling and beating operation to 11.5 cm after the *** addition,the standard deviation of the elevation was reduced from 4.13 cm to 2.18 cm after the *** total number of fla

关键词： laser control levelling beating paddy field flatness

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Optimization of working parameters for puddling and flatting machine in paddy field

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2016年第3期9卷 88-96页

作者： Xu Chunlin Zhang Chengliang Li Lianhao Li Mingjin College of Engineering Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin 150030China College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002China Harbin Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute Harbin 150070China

In order to improve the soil preparation quality,a wide puddling and flatting machine for paddy field was designed with the functionality of tillage,soil crushing,puddling,burying stubble and flatting in one-time operation,which can be equipped on tractors with high *** study focused on the design and analysis of key components of the machine including puddling equipment,flat shovel and balance *** results with field trials and response surface analysis showed that the machine can operate optimally when the working speed,puddling depth and angle of flat shovel were 1.05 km/h,16 cm and 31.30°,*** surface flatness standard deviation was 3.7 cm,and slurry degree was 1.03 g/*** validation test results were consistent with the optimal parameters,which was able to meet agronomic requirements of mechanical planting in China.

关键词： paddy field puddling and flatting machine rice production design field test optimization

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Biochar amendment alters the partitioning of nitrate reduction by significantly enhancing DNRA in a paddy field

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 460-477页

作者： Zhijun Wei Mehmet Senbayram Xu Zhao Chenglin Li Ke Jin Min Wu M.Mizanur Rahman Jun Shan Xiaoyuan Yan State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research StationInstitute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Institute of Plant Nutrition and.Soil Science University of HarranSanliurfa 63000Turkey Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Islamic UniversityKushtia 7003Bangladesh

Using 15N tracer technique,we investigated the potential rates of denitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation,dis-similatory nitrate reduction to ammonium(DNRA),and their partitioning among nitrate reduction,as well as the N_(2)O emission rates in a paddy soil receiving various biochar(0%,0.03%,0.1%,0.5%,and 1.0%;w/w)and straw(0.1%)over six consecutive *** showed that except for the 1.0%amendment treatment,biochar significantly(Ppaddy soil is helpful for N conservation by favoring nitrate partitioning toward DNRA process,which deepens our understanding of how biochar mediates N cycling in the paddy field.

关键词： Nitrate reduction Nitrate partitioning N_(2)O Biochar paddy field

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Water-efficient sensing method for soil profiling in the paddy field

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第4期11卷 207-216页

作者： Zhenran Gao Jun Ni Yan Zhu Qi Jiang Weixing Cao National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information AgricultureJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of ThingsNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

The comprehensive and reliable perception of moisture in a soil profile is essential to *** establish an efficient method for sensing soil moisture,field trials were conducted to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of moisture in a paddy soil profile by using coefficients of *** results showed that soil layers at shallow depths undergo more extensive changes in the coefficients of *** perception is most sensitive within a depth range of 0-60 cm in the vertical soil profile of a paddy *** using the clustering algorithm of Euclidean distance,the paddy soil profile was divided into three categories based on soil *** first category includes depths ranging from 10-20 cm,the second is from 30-40 cm,and the third is from 50-100 *** analysis indicated that the most sensitive depths for moisture sensing in a paddy soil profile were 20 cm,30 cm,and 50 cm,whereas the most sensitive depths for moisture sensing by time stability analysis were 20 cm,40 cm,and 60 *** on the multiple regression of sensitive depths,the results of quantitative inversion indicated that the time stability analysis results were 0.962 when the(y,y)Coryy of path analysis was 0.980,and the time stability analysis was 0.61 when the root mean square error(RMSE)of path analysis was *** relative error range between the measured and predicted values of path analysis was less than that of time stability *** findings suggest that it is feasible to effectively sense the moisture of the entire vertical soil profile based on the sensitive *** present study has also determined that path analysis is superior to time stability analysis.

关键词： paddy field profile soil moisture perception clustering algorithm path analysis

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field experimental study on pullout forces of rice seedlings and barnyard grasses for mechanical weed control in paddy field

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2014年第6期7卷 1-7页

作者： Wang Jinwu Tao Guixiang Liu Yongjun Pan Zhenwei Zhang Chunfeng Engineering College Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin 150030China

Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard *** measured pullout force was used to improve the weeding rate and reduce the rice seedling damage rate caused by mechanical weeding *** to the measured continuous curve of pullout forces of rice seeding and barnyard grasses in weeding period,the best range of force required to pull out barnyard grasses from soil with no injury and damage to rice seedlings was *** for the difference in the pulling force were *** show that,with the increment of the number of single cell rice seedlings the pullout force *** pullout forces of single cell rice seedlings and barnyard grasses at first increased slowly reaching the maximum value followed by rapid drop and finally it remained *** minimum pullout forces recorded during rice seedlings at the first and the second weeding periods were 2.57 N and 9.70 N,respectively,while the minimum forces during the first and second weeding periods were recorded as 1.24 N and 7.51 N,respectively,for barnyard *** results show that the pullout forces of weeding to rice seedlings and barnyard grasses should be within 1.24 N to 2.57 N and 7.51 N to 9.70 N respectively in the first and second weeding periods.

关键词： paddy field mechanical weed control pullout force rice seedlings barnyard grasses field test

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Determination of crop and soil evaporation coefficients for estimating evapotranspiration in a paddy field

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2017年第4期10卷 130-139页

作者： Yan Haofang Zhang Chuan Hiroki Oue Peng Guangjie Ransford Opoku Darko Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013China Institute of Agricultural Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013China United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Ehime University3-5-7 TarumiMatsuyama790-8566Japan Department of Water Management Delft University of TechnologyDelft2600GAthe Netherlands

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration is important in efficient water management for improving water use *** order to obtain evapotranspiration and evaporation beneath the canopy using the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)method,pan evaporation was used instead of reference evapotranspiration calculated by the Penman-Monteith equation with detailed meteorological *** total crop coefficient and soil evaporation coefficient were determined using actual measured daytime evapotranspiration and evaporation by the Bowen ratio energy balance and lysimeter,respectively,in a rice paddy field in *** average evapotranspiration was 5.3 mm/d,4.4 mm/d,7.4 mm/d and 6.3 mm/d and crop coefficient was 0.79,1.18,1.01 and 0.86 for the initial stage,development stage,middle-season stage and late-season stage,*** evaporation was low and almost constant with an average value around 0.77 mm/d when the leaf area index(LAI)reached *** proposed average crop coefficients for different growing stages were applied to estimate daytime evapotranspiration and found suitable.A simple soil water evaporation coefficient model was developed using leaf area index for practical use and it was found that it could accurately estimate evaporation.

关键词： evapotranspiration evaporation paddy field lysimeter leaf area index(LAI) Bowen ratio energy balance

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STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF CR FORMULATION OF THIOBENCANB IN A MODEL paddy field

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 1994年第1期5卷 7-14页

作者：孙锦荷李兴明陈子元张勤争

The fate of CR formulation of 14C--thiobencarb (thio.) was studied at the high rate of application in a model paddy field. Thio. could be released from the alginate formulation (TAL-17189) into water. The concentration of thio. in water increased with time, then declined. Thio. in water could be converted to more than 12 14C--degradation products which changed with time. An unknown degradation product (Mo) was always prevailing after application. Thio. in water could be adsorbed by soil particles. Most of the adsorbed thio. retained in upper layer. Thio. in soil could be also degraded tO more than 6 products. Thio. and its degradation products could conjugate with the compositions of soil to bound residues (BR). Thio. was 45.6 % of the toeal 14C--extractable residues (ER) in upper layer soil at harvest. 14C--thio. in water and soil could be uptaken by rice plants. Thio. in plants existed in ER and *** of 14C--residues in straw, roots, brown rice and husk were in bound form, more than 92 % of the toeal 14C in them at harvest respectively. Thio. in plantS could be metabolized to more than 9 metsbolites which changed with time. 14C--thio. in straw,brown rice and husk accounted for 55\88, 6.06 and 11.18 % of the total 14C-- ER of them at harvest respectively. An unknown 14C--metebolite in brown rice was prevailing,accounted for 63.03 % of the total 14C- ER.

关键词： Thiobencarb, Controlled--release formulation paddy field

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