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Machine Learning-Based Pruning Technique for Low Power Approximate Computing

Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第7期42卷 397-406页

作者： B.Sakthivel K.Jayaram N.Manikanda Devarajan S.Mahaboob Basha S.Rajapriya Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Madurai Institute of Engg and TechnologySivagangaiTamilnadu630611India Pilecubes India Pvt Ltd. ChennaiTamilnaduIndia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Malla Reddy Engineering College(Autonomous)Secunderabad500100India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering R.M.K.Engineering CollegeKavaraipettaiChennaiTamil Nadu601206India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering K Ramakrishnan College of EngineeringKariyamanickam RdTamil Nadu621112India

Approximate Computing is a low power achieving technique that offers an additional degree of freedom to design digital circuits.Pruning is one of the types of approximate circuit design technique which removes logic gates or wires in the circuit to reduce power consumption with minimal insertion of error.In this work,a novel machine learning(ML)-based pruning technique is introduced to design digital circuits.The machine-learning algorithm of the random forest deci-sion tree is used to prune nodes selectively based on their input pattern.In addi-tion,an error compensation value is added to the original output to reduce an error rate.Experimental results proved the efﬁciency of the proposed technique in terms of area,power and error rate.Compared to conventional pruning,proposed ML pruning achieves 32%and 26%of the area and delay reductions in 8*8 multi-plier implementation.Low power image processing algorithms are essential in various applications like image compression and enhancement algorithms.For real-time evaluation,proposed ML optimized pruning is applied in discrete cosine transform(DCT).It is a basic element of image and video processing applications.Experimental results on benchmark images show that proposed pruning achieves a very good peak signal-to-noise ratio(psnr)value with a considerable amount of energy savings compared to other methods.

关键词： Machine learning pruning approximate computing psnr

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Video Identification Based on Watermarking Schemes and Visual Cryptography

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第2期40卷 441-453页

作者： Maged Wafy Samr Gamal Zanaty Mahmoud Elkhouly Department of Information Technology Computers and Artificial Intelligence Helwan UniversityCairoEgypt Department of Information Technology Computing Studies Arab Open UniversityCairoEgypt Department of Information Technology Information Technology and Computer Science Sinai UniversityIsmailiaEgypt

Related to the growth of data sharing on the Internet and the wide-spread use of digital media,multimedia security and copyright protection have become of broad interest.Visual cryptography(VC)is a method of sharing a secret image between a group of participants,where certain groups of participants are defined as qualified and may combine their share of the image to obtain the original,and certain other groups are defined as prohibited,and even if they combine knowledge of their parts,they can’t obtain any information on the secret image.The visual cryptography is one of the techniques which used to transmit the secrete image under the cover picture.Human vision systems are connected to visual cryptography.The black and white image was originally used as a hidden image.In order to achieve the owner’s copy right security based on visual cryptography,a watermarking algorithm is presented.We suggest an approach in this paper to hide multiple images in video by meaningful shares using one binary share.With a common share,which we refer to as a smart key,we can decrypt several images simultaneously.Depending on a given share,the smart key decrypts several hidden images.The smart key is printed on transparency and the shares are involved in video and decryption is performed by physically superimposing the transparency on the video.Using binary,grayscale,and color images,we test the proposed method.

关键词： Visual cryptography(VC) video watermarking psnr

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Optimized Image Multiplication with Approximate Counter Based Compressor

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第8期72卷 3815-3834页

作者： M.Maria Dominic Savio T.Deepa1,N.Bharathiraja Anudeep Bonasu SRMIST Chennai603203India Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College Chennai601206India Intel Corportation California93657USA

The processor is greatly hampered by the large dataset of picture or multimedia data.The logic of approximation hardware is moving in the direction of multimedia processing with a given amount of acceptable mistake.This study proposes various higher-order approximate counter-based compressor(CBC)using input shuffled 6:3 CBC.In the Wallace multiplier using a CBC is a significant factor in partial product reduction.So the design of 10-4,11-4,12-4,13-4 and 14-4 CBC are proposed in this paper using an input shuffled 6:3 compressor to attain two stage multiplications.The input shuffling aims to reduce the output combination of the 6:3 compressor from 64 to 27.Design of 15-4,10-4,9-4,and 7-3 CBCs are performed using the proposed 6:3 compressor and the results obtained are compared with the existing models.These existing models are constructed using multiplexers and 5-3 CBC.When compared to input shuffled 5-3 the proposed 6:3 compressor shows better results in terms of area,power and delay.An approximation is performed on the 6:3 compressor to further reduce the computational energy of the system which is optimal for multimedia applications.The major contribution of this work is the development of two stage multiplier using various proposed CBC.All designs of the approximate compressor(AC)and true compressor(TC)are analysed with 8 ×8 and 16 × 16 imagemultiplication.The proposed multipliers also provide adequate levels of accuracy,according to the MATLAB simulations,in addition to greater hardware efficiency.As the result approximate circuits over image processing shows the stunning performance in many deep learning network in the current research which is only oriented to multimedia.

关键词： Multiplier psnr image processing approximate compressor NED

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SP-DSTS-MIMO Scheme-Aided H.266 for Reliable High Data Rate Mobile Video Communication

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 995-1010页

作者： Khadem Ullah Nasru Minallah Durre Nayab Ishtiaque Ahmed Jaroslav Frnda Jan Nedoma Department of Computer Systems Engineering University of Engineering and Technology PeshawarPeshawar25000Pakistan National Centre in Big Data and Cloud Computing University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar(NCBC-UETP)Peshawar25000Pakistan Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and CommunicationsUniversity of Zilina01026ZilinaSlovakia Department of Telecommunications Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceVSB-Technical University of OstravaOstrava-PorubaCzech Republic

With the ever growth of Internet users,video applications,and massive data traffic across the network,there is a higher need for reliable bandwidth-efficient multimedia communication.Versatile Video Coding(VVC/H.266)is finalized in September 2020 providing significantly greater compression efficiency compared to Highest Efficient Video Coding(HEVC)while providing versatile effective use for Ultra-High Definition(HD)videos.This article analyzes the quality performance of convolutional codes,turbo codes and self-concatenated convolutional(SCC)codes based on performance metrics for reliable future video communication.The advent of turbo codes was a significant achievement ever in the era of wireless communication approaching nearly the Shannon limit.Turbo codes are operated by the deployment of an interleaver between two Recursive Systematic Convolutional(RSC)encoders in a parallel fashion.Constituent RSC encoders may be operating on the same or different architectures and code rates.The proposed work utilizes the latest source compression standards H.266 and H.265 encoded standards and Sphere Packing modulation aided differential Space Time Spreading(SP-DSTS)for video transmission in order to provide bandwidth-efficient wireless video communication.Moreover,simulation results show that turbo codes defeat convolutional codes with an averaged E_(b)/N_(0) gain of 1.5 dB while convolutional codes outperformcompared to SCC codes with an E_(b)/N_(0) gain of 3.5 dBatBit ErrorRate(BER)of 10−4.The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(psnr)results of convolutional codes with the latest source coding standard of H.266 is plotted against convolutional codes with H.265 and it was concluded H.266 outperform with about 6 dB psnr gain at E_(b)/N_(0) value of 4.5 dB.

关键词： H.265 RSC turbo codes SCC SP-DSTS BP-CNN BER psnr

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Analytic Beta-Wavelet Transform-Based Digital Image Watermarking for Secure Transmission

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第3期70卷 4657-4673页

作者： Hesham Alhumyani Ibrahim Alrube Sameer Alsharif Ashraf Afifi Chokri Ben Amar Hala S.El-Sayed Osama S.Faragallah Department of Computer Engineering College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityP.O.11099Taif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringMenoufia UniversityShebin El-Kom32511Egypt Department of Information Technology College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityP.O.11099Taif21944Saudi Arabia

The rapid development in the information technology field has introduced digital watermark technologies as a solution to prevent unauthorized copying and redistribution of data.This article introduces a self-embedded image verification and integrity scheme.The images are firstly split into dedicated segments of the same block sizes.Then,different Analytic Beta-Wavelet(ABW)orthogonal filters are utilized for embedding a self-segment watermark for image segment using a predefined method.ABW orthogonal filter coefficients are estimated to improve image reconstruction under different block sizes.We conduct a comparative study comparing the watermarked images using three kinds of ABW filters for block sizes 64×64,128×128,and 256×256.We embed the watermark using the ABW-based image watermarking method in the 2-level middle frequency sub-bands of the ABW digital image coefficients.The imperceptibility and robustness of the ABW-based image watermarking method image is evaluated based on the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(psnr)and Correlation coefficient values.From the implementation results,we came to know that this ABW-based image watermarking method can withstand many image manipulations compared to other existing methods.

关键词： Watermarking ABW median filtering JPEG compression psnr

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Hybrid Single Image Super-Resolution Algorithm for Medical Images

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 4879-4896页

作者： Walid El-Shafai Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed Medien Zeghid Anas MAli Moustafa H.Aly Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Faculty of Electronic EngineeringMenoufia UniversityMenouf32952Egypt Security Engineering Lab Computer Science DepartmentPrince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11586Saudi Arabia Electrical Engineering Department College of EngineeringPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityWadi Addwasir11991Saudi Arabia Electrical Engineering Department Aswan UniversityAswan81542Egypt Electronics and Micro-Electronics Laboratory(E.μ.E.L) Faculty of SciencesUniversity of MonastirMonastir5000Tunisia Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering&Technology(AIET) AlexandriaEgypt Electronics and Communications Engineering Department College of Engineering and TechnologyArab Academy for ScienceTechnology and Maritime TransportAlexandria1029Egypt

High-quality medical microscopic images used for diseases detection are expensive and difficult to store.Therefore,low-resolution images are favorable due to their low storage space and ease of sharing,where the images can be enlarged when needed using Super-Resolution(SR)techniques.However,it is important to maintain the shape and size of the medical images while enlarging them.One of the problems facing SR is that the performance of medical image diagnosis is very poor due to the deterioration of the reconstructed image resolution.Consequently,this paper suggests a multi-SR and classification framework based on Generative Adversarial Network(GAN)to generate high-resolution images with higher quality and finer details to reduce blurring.The proposed framework comprises five GAN models:Enhanced SR Generative Adversarial Networks(ESRGAN),Enhanced deep SR GAN(EDSRGAN),Sub-Pixel-GAN,SRGAN,and Efficient Wider Activation-B GAN(WDSR-b-GAN).To train the proposed models,we have employed images from the famous BreakHis dataset and enlarged them by 4×and 16×upscale factors with the ground truth of the size of 256×256×3.Moreover,several evaluation metrics like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(psnr),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM),Multiscale Structural Similarity Index(MS-SSIM),and histogram are applied to make comprehensive and objective comparisons to determine the best methods in terms of efficiency,training time,and storage space.The obtained results reveal the superiority of the proposed models over traditional and benchmark models in terms of color and texture restoration and detection by achieving an accuracy of 99.7433%.

关键词： GAN medical images SSIM MS-SSIM psnr SISR

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3D image reconstruction with a controllable overlapping number of elemental images in computational integral imaging

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Chinese Optics Letters 2015年第5期13卷 31-34页

作者： Myungjin Cho Donghak Shin Department of Electric Electronic and Control Engineering Hankyong National University Institute of Ambient Intelligence Dongseo University

In this Letter, we propose a three-dimensional （3D） image reconstruction method with a controllable overlapping number of elemental images in computational integral imaging. The proposed method can control the overlap- ping number of pixels coming from the elemental images by using the subpixel distance based on ray optics between a 3D object and an image sensor. The use of a controllable overlapping number enables us to provide an improved 3D image visualization by controlling the inter-pixel interference within the reconstructed pixels. To find the optimal overlapping number, we simulate the pickup and reconstruction processes and utilize the numerical reconstruction results using a peak signal-to-noise ratio （psnr） metric. To demonstrate the feasibility of our work in optical experiments, we carry out the preliminary experiments and present the results.

关键词： over CIIR image reconstruction with a controllable overlapping number of elemental images in computational integral imaging psnr

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Principal basis analysis in sparse representation

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2017年第2期60卷 199-201页

作者： Hong SUN Chengwei SANG Chenguang LIU School of electronic Information Wuhan University Department Signal and Image Processing Telecom ParisTech Department of Scientific Research Air Force Early Warning Academy

We propose a principal basis analysis(PBA)method over a learned overcomplete basis set(called dictionary).The proposed PBA makes use of a novel criterion:the frequency of basis vector(atom of the dictionary)over a data set.This proposed criterion is well adapted to sparse signal representation.Moreover it adapts to an intrinsic characteristic of the regularity of signals.

关键词： psnr Figure PBA SAR

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Colored object encoding scheme in ghost imaging system using orbital angular momentum

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Chinese Optics Letters 2013年第2期11卷 42-45页

作者：李永强杨华刘娇巩龙 盛宇波程维文赵生妹 Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications

A colored object encoding scheme in a ghost imaging （GI） system using orbital angular momentum is in- vestigated. A colored object is decomposed into three components and then each component is obtained in the idler arm using a multiple grayscale encoding scheme. Afterward, we synthesize the three reconstructed components into a colored image. The scheme is conducted and then presented through numerical simula- tions and experiments. The simulation result shows that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio （psnr） is at 21.636 for the reconstructed color of the ＂Lena＂ image with 255 gray scales. The experiment also shows that the psnr is 8.082 for the reconstructed color of the ＂NUPT＂ characters. The successful imaging of colored obiects extends the further use of the GI technique

关键词： psnr GI Colored object encoding scheme in ghost imaging system using orbital angular momentum

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A RNN-based objective video quality measurement

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Chinese Optics Letters 2009年第11期7卷 1004-1006页

作者：黄轩张荣庞建新 Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science University of Science and Technology of China

Technology used to automatically assess video quality plays a significant role in video processing areas. Because of the complexity of video media, there are great limitations to assess video quality with only one factor. We propose a new method using artificial random neural networks （RNNs） with motion evaluation as an estimation of perceived visual distortion. The results are obtained through a nonlinear fitting procedure and well correlated with human perception. Compared with other methods, the proposed method performs more adaptable and accurate predictions.

关键词： RNN SSIM A RNN-based objective video quality measurement psnr DMOS

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