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Evaluating and Improving Wind Forecasts over South China: The Role of Orographic parameterization in the GRAPES Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第6期35卷 713-722页

作者： Shuixin ZHONG Zitong CHEN Daosheng XU Yanxia ZHANG Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction Institute of Tropical and Marine MeteorologyChina Meteorological Administration

Unresolved small-scale orographic（SSO） drags are parameterized in a regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for the Tropical Mesoscale Model（GRAPES TMM）. The SSO drags are represented by adding a sink term in the momentum equations. The maximum height of the mountain within the grid box is adopted in the SSO parameterization（SSOP） scheme as compensation for the drag. The effects of the unresolved topography are parameterized as the feedbacks to the momentum tendencies on the first model level in planetary boundary layer（pbl）parameterization. The SSOP scheme has been implemented and coupled with the pbl parameterization scheme within the model physics package. A monthly simulation is designed to examine the performance of the SSOP scheme over the complex terrain areas located in the southwest of Guangdong. The verification results show that the surface wind speed bias has been much alleviated by adopting the SSOP scheme, in addition to reduction of the wind bias in the lower troposphere. The target verification over Xinyi shows that the simulations with the SSOP scheme provide improved wind estimation over the complex regions in the southwest of Guangdong.

关键词： small-scale orographic drag GRAPES_TMM pbl parameterization wind bias

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High-resolution Simulation of an Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in Shanghai Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Sensitivity to Planetary Boundary Layer parameterization

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第1期38卷 98-115页

作者： Rui WANG Yiting ZHU Fengxue QIAO Xin-Zhong LIANG Han ZHANG Yang DING Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China School of Geographic Sciences East China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China Institute of Eco-Chongming Shanghai 200062China College of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Atmospheric&Oceanic Science University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory Shanghai 200030China

In this study,an extreme rainfall event that occurred on 25 May 2018 over Shanghai and its nearby area was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model,with a focus on the effects of planetary boundary layer(pbl)physics using double nesting with large grid ratios(15:1 and 9:1).The sensitivity of the precipitation forecast was examined through three pbl schemes:the Yonsei University Scheme,the Mellor−Yamada−Nakanishi Niino Level 2.5(MYNN)scheme,and the Mellor−Yamada−Janjic *** pbl effects on boundary layer structures,convective thermodynamic and large-scale forcings were investigated to explain the model differences in extreme rainfall distributions and hourly *** results indicated that in single coarser grids(15 km and 9 km),the extreme rainfall amount was largely underestimated with all three pbl *** the inner 1-km grid,the underestimated intensity was improved;however,using the MYNN scheme for the 1-km grid domain with explicitly resolved convection and nested within the 9-km grid using the Kain−Fritsch cumulus scheme,significant advantages over the other pbl schemes are revealed in predicting the extreme rainfall distribution and the time of primary peak ***,with the weakest vertical mixing,produced the shallowest and most humid inversion layer with the lowest lifting condensation level,but stronger wind fields and upward motions from the top of the boundary layer to upper *** factors all facilitate the development of deep convection and moisture transport for intense precipitation,and result in its most realistic prediction of the primary rainfall peak.

关键词： pbl parameterization extreme rainfall high resolution

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