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parasitism and pathogenicity of Radopholus similis to Ipomoea aquatica, Basella rubra and Cucurbita moschata and genetic diversity of different populations

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第1期15卷 120-134页

作者： LI Yu WANG Ke XIE Hui XU Chun-ling WANG Dong-wei LI Jing HUANG Xin PENG Xiao-fang Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine Department of Plant Pathology South China Agricultural University

Ten populations of Radopholus similis from different ornamental hosts were tested for their parasitism and pathogenicity to water spinach （Ipomoea aquatic）, malabar spinach （Basella rubra）, and squash （Cucurbita moschata） in pots. The re- sults showed all three plants were new hosts of R. similis. Growth parameters of plants inoculated with nematodes were significantly lower than those of healthy control plants. All R. similis populations were pathogenic to the three plants, but pathogenicity differed among populations from different hosts. The same R. similis populations also showed different pathogenic effects in the three different plants. RadN5 population from Anthurium andraeanum had the highest pathoge- nicity to the three studied plants. RadN1 from A. andraeanum had the lowest pathogenicity to squash and RadN7 from Chrysalidocarpus lutesens had the lowest pathogenicity to water spinach and malabar spinach. R. similis is usually associated with root tissues, but here we report that it could be found to move and feed in the stem bases of all three studied plants. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of DNA markers of the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences of ten R. similis populations revealed significant genetic diversity. RadN5 and RadN6 populations from anthurium showed a close genetic relationship and could be distinguished from other populations by PCR-RFLP. At the same time, RadN5 and RadN6 populations were the most pathogenic to three studied plants. These results confirm the existence of large biological variability and molecular diversity among R. similis populations from the same or different hosts, and these characteristics are related to pathogenic variability.

关键词： burrowing nematode parasitism pathogenicity genetic diversity PCR-RFLP

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parasitism of Pieris rapae （Lepidoptera： Pieridae） by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae）： Effects of parasitism on differential hemocyte counts, micro- and ultra-structures of host hemocytes

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Insect Science 2012年第4期19卷 485-497页

作者： Qian-Qian Zhang Jia Huang Jia-Ying Zhu Gong-Yin Ye State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology&Key laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathology and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina

parasitism by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae） by using only its associated venom, can suppress the immunal responses of Pieris rapae （Lepidoptera： Pieridae）. However, up to now, current knowledge of the mech- anisms has been limited. The response of host hemocytes to parasitism was investigated using a combination of light and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Five hemocyte types, prohemocytes （PRs）, granulocytes （GRs）, plasmatocytes （PLs）, oenocytoids （OEs） and coagulocytes （COs）, were observed and characterized from both unparasitized and parasitized Pieris rapae pupae. Light microscopy showed that both GRs and PLs became more round and spread abnormally after parasitism, whereas the shape of other types of hemocytes remained unaffected. In addition, the size of PRs and PLs became larger while OEs became smaller. The proportion of PRs significantly increased after parasitism and that of PLs decreased by 43.9%, but there was no significant increase of GRs and OEs. TEM showed that all types of hemocytes except COs were damaged to various degrees after parasitism, especially resulting in electron opaque cytoplasm and nucleus, fewer cell organelles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicles. Our results indicate that parasitism by P. puparum affects differential hemocyte counts and structures of host hemocytes, particularly for GRs and PLs, which may be the main cause of the parasitoid suppressing host cellular immune responses.

关键词： Key words hemocytes light microscopy parasitism Pieris rapae Pteromaluspuparum,transmission electron microscopy ultrastructure

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cDNA of an arylphorin-type storage protein from Pieris rapae with parasitism inducible expression by the endoparasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum

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Insect Science 2009年第3期16卷 227-236页

作者： Jia-Ying Zhu Gong-Yin Ye Qi Fang Cui Hu Zunnu-Raen Akhtar State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of Insect Sciences College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

This report presents the cDNA cloning of a storage protein, PraAry, from Pieris rapae and investigates its expression regulated by parasitism of an endoparasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum. The full-length eDNA of PraAry is 2 270 nucleotides and contains a 2 121 nucleotide open reading frame encoding 707 amino acids with calculated molecular weights of approximately 83 kDa. Analysis of the primary protein sequence revealed that it possesses a signal peptide of 16 amino acids at the N-terminus and contains two highly conserved storage protein signature motifs. According to both phylogenetic analysis and the criteria for amino acid composition, PraAry belongs to the subfamily of arylphorin-type storage protein （1.42% methionine and 18.82% aromatic amino acids）. Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the transcriptional level of PraAry mRNA in P. rapae pupae fat body is inducible in response to parasitism by P. puparum.

关键词： cloning gene expression parasitism Pieris rapae Pteromalus puparum storage protein

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Comparative genomics of orobanchaceous species with different parasitic lifestyles reveals the origin and stepwise evolution of plant parasitism

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Molecular Plant 2022年第8期15卷 1384-1399页

作者： Yuxing Xu Jingxiong Zhang Canrong Ma Yunting Lei Guojing Shen Jianjun Jin Deren A.R.Eaton' Jianqiang Wu Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA

Orobanchaceae is the largest family of parasiticplants,containing autotrophic and parasiticplants with all degrees of *** makes it byfar the best family for studying the origin and evolution of plant *** we provide three high-quality genomes of orobanchaceous plants,the autotrophic Lindenbergia luchunensis and the holoparasitic plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche *** analysis of these three genomes together with those previously published and the transcriptomes of other orobanchaceous species createda robust phylogeneticframework *** found that an ancient whole-genome duplication(WGD;about 73.48million years ago),which occurred earlierthan theoriginof Orobanchaceae,mighthave contributed totheemergence of ***,no WGD events occurred in any lineage of orobanchaceous parasites except for Striga after divergence from their autotrophic common ancestor,suggesting that,in contrast with previous speculations,WGD is not associated with the emergence of *** detected evident convergent gene loss in all parasites within Orobanchaceae and between Orobanchaceae and dodder Cuscuta *** gene families in the orobanchaceous parasites showed a clear pattern of recent gains and *** expanded gene families are enriched in functions related to the development of the haustorium,suggesting that recent gene family expansions may have facilitated the adaptation of orobanchaceous parasites to different *** study illustrates a stepwise pattern in the evolution of parasitism in the orobanchaceous parasites and will facilitate future studieson parasitism and the control of parasitic plants in agriculture.

关键词： genomics Orobanchaceae parasitism whole-genome duplication gene loss gene family expansion

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Intestinal parasitism in schoolchildren in 2005, 2006 and 2007: A real challenge to overcome by the national deworming campaign in Northwestern Mexico

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013年第2期3卷 178-183页

作者： Luis Quihui Cota Gloria Guadalupe Morales-Figueroa Department of Public Health and Nutrition Research Center for Food and Development Hermosillo Mexico

Introduction: Intestinal parasitism has been a challenge to overcome for the Mexican deworming campaign and this study determined the prevalence of these infections in schoolchildren treated with albendazole in Northwestern Mexico. Methods: Study sites in marginal conditions, with gastrointestinal infections and albendazole intervention were selected. The Faust and Kato Katz techniques were used to identify the parasites spp. and the NCSS software was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 450, 389 and 364 schoolchildren participated in 2005, 2006, and 2007 respectively during this study. The mean age was 7.9 (±1.3). The estimated prevalences were of 42%, 30% and 37% for protozoa infections, and 11%, 12% and 11% for helminth infections in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Conclusion: The education strategies should be integrated into the Mexican deworming campaign.

关键词： Intestinal parasitism Albendazole Deworming Campaign Schoolchildren Northwest Mexico

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The Expressed parasitism Genes in the Reniform Nematode (<i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i>)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第4期4卷 780-791页

作者： Seloame T. Nyaku Venkateswara R. Sripathi Graham Wiley Fares Z. Najar Leland J. Cseke Govind C. Sharma Bruce A. Roe Sarah Beth Cseke Elica Moss Ramesh V. Kantety Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Department Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City USA Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A & M University Normal USA Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville USA he Advanced Centre for Genome Technology University of Oklahoma Normal USA The Advanced Centre for Genome Technology University of Oklahoma Normal USA

The reniform nematode (RN), Rotylenchulus reniformis, is an agriculturally important pest with a broad host range that results in a large economic impact in tropical, subtropical and in warm temperate zones. In an initial effort to understand the transcriptome and gene expression in RN, we present EST results that reveal numerous putative parasitism-related genes some of which play roles in plant cell wall modification. The characterized contigs included 8362 (40.6%) matches to unique proteins. Coding contigs predicted were 10,656 (51.7%) or 3079 (14.9%), that was similar to those identified in Brugia malayi and Caenorhabditis elegans as reference organisms respectively. Specific transcripts studied in more detail include putative plant parasitism genes, prominent among them were several plant cell wall modification genes. Contigs matching 14 parasitism genes found in sedentary endoparasitic nematodes included expansins, hexosaminidase, glycosyl hydrolases family, 14-3-3 protein, xylanases, glutathione peroxidase, pectate lyase, β-1,4-endoglucanase, major sperm protein, aminopeptidase, c-type lectin, chitin synthase, FMR famide-like peptide, and calreticulin. These genes function in suppression of host defenses and development of feeding sites.

关键词： parasitism Genes Reniform Nematode Transcriptome

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Feeding ecology and interactions with mammal hosts in a symbiotic genus of birds ( Buphagus spp.) in Namibia

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AVIAN RESEARCH 2024年第3期15卷 336-344页

作者： Lukubwe, Michael S. Velarde-Garcez, Daniel Sequeira, Fernando Lopes, Susana Craig, Adrian J. F. K. Mata, Vanessa A. Rhodes Univ Dept Zool & Entomol Makhanda South Africa Univ Namibia Dept Wildlife Management & Tourism Studies Katima Mulilo Campus Windhoek Namibia Univ Porto Fac Ciencias Dept Biol Porto Portugal Ctr Invest Biodiversidade & Recursos Genet InBIO Lab Associado CIBIO Campus Vairao Vairao Portugal CIBIO BIOPOLIS Program Genom Biodivers & Land Planning Campus Vairao Vairao Portugal

As the sole obligate symbiotic birds in Africa, oxpeckers offer a unique model for studying symbiotic relationships. Due to the multitrophic level they occupy and the context dependent foraging behavior they exhibit, the type of symbiotic relationship can be variable. In addition to providing a cleaning service to the host by removing ticks, oxpeckers frequently feed on blood, mucus, and saliva, inflicting potential damage on the host. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples to analyze the taxonomic composition of the trophic interactions of the Yellow-billed Oxpecker ( Buphagus africanus) ) and Red-billed Oxpecker (B. B . erythrorhynchus) ) in northeastern Namibia. In contrast to conventional methods, DNA metabarcoding allows for a detailed identification of dietary resources encompassing both mammal hosts and consumed arthropods within the same samples. With this information, we examined differences in the diet composition between oxpecker species and localities, as well as the co-occurrence between host and arthropod species. Our findings revealed that oxpeckers predominantly source their diet from mammals, ticks, and flies; however, ticks and flies rarely co-occur in the diet of an individual. We observed variability among individuals in their feeding ecology, which is strongly correlated with locality and, to a lesser extent, with the mammal host. We noted a high degree of mobility between hosts within relatively short periods, with 32% of the samples showing traces of at least two mammal hosts. This study illustrates the dynamic foraging behavior of these specialized symbiotic birds, shedding light on their potential role in pest control services and disease transmission.

关键词： Commensalism Diet DNA metabarcoding Oxpeckers parasitism Trophic ecology RED-BILLED OXPECKER NATIONAL-PARK PREFERENCES ERYTHRORHYNCHUS MUTUALISM BEHAVIOR parasitism TICKS

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What is the difference between marine and limnetic-terrestrial associations of nematodes with invertebrates?

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第4期17卷 481-510页

作者： Alexei V.TCHESUNOV Viatcheslav N.IVANENKO Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of BiologyM.V.Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia

Zoo-and phyto-parasitic nematodes of the order Rhabditida and zooparasites of the subclass Dorylaimia are well known,due largely to their medical,veterinarian and agricultural ***,there have been many switches from a free-living to a symbiotic(including parasitism)mode of existence in the evolutionary trajectories of various nematode ***,we attempt to summarize all known cases of symbioses(from commensalism to true parasitism)between marine nematodes representing nonparasitic taxa and various larger animals,ranging from protists to *** cases are of nematodes relating to dwelling on crustaceans(ectocommensalism)or living in the body cavity and internal organs of various invertebrates(endoparasitism or parasitoidism).Ectocommensal species may differ from their free-living relatives in their longer filiform bodies and enlarged ventral and caudal glands,which may be interpreted as adaptations for the purpose of fixation on the body surface of a motile *** species are characterized by deep anatomical modification,including rudimentation of the alimentary tract and hypertrophy of reproductive *** terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates,marine invertebrates have almost no intestinal nematode *** evolutionary trajectories of nematode dwellers of marine and nonmarine invertebrates are compared.

关键词： commensalism marine invertebrates Nematoda parasitism symbiosis

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Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in wild animals and plants

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2023年第3期66卷 453-495页

作者： Yibo Hu Xiaoping Wang Yongchao Xu Hui Yang Zeyu Tong Ran Tian Shaohua Xu Li Yu Yalong Guo Peng Shi Shuangquan Huang Guang Yang Suhua Shi Fuwen Wei CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan School of Life SciencesYunnan UniversityKunming 650091China State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China Institute of Evolution and Ecology School of Life SciencesCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Guangdong Key Lab of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen University Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China

Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution,an important strategy for species survival and *** the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification,phenotypic convergence,and inter-species *** the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available,the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide *** this study,we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants,focusing on adaptive traits,convergent evolution,and ***,we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological,behavioral,and physiological ***,we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures,and the underlying molecular convergence ***,we summarized the advances of coevolution,including the four main types:mutualism,parasitism,predation and ***,these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction,demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics ***,we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.

关键词： adaptive evolution adaptive trait coevolution comparative genomics convergent evolution genetic convergence molecular mechanism mutualism parasitism phenotype convergence

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Hawk mimicry does not reduce attacks of cuckoos by highly aggressive hosts

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Avian Research 2018年第4期9卷 299-305页

作者： Laikun Ma Canchao Yang Wei Liang Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University

Background: Resemblance to raptors such as hawks(Accipiter spp.) is considered to be an adaptive strategy of cuckoos(Cuculus spp.), which has evolved to protect cuckoos against host attacks. However, the effectiveness of the mimicry remains controversial, and is not yet fully studied for highly aggressive ***: We evaluated the effectiveness of sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) mimicry by common cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) in oriental reed warblers(Acrocephaus orientalis), which are highly aggressive hosts. Using a both the single and the paired dummy experiment, defense behaviors and attack intensities of oriental reed warblers against common cuckoos, sparrowhawks and oriental turtle doves(Streptopelia orientalis) were ***: Oriental reed warblers exhibit strong nest defense behaviors, and such behaviors do not change with breeding stage(i.e., egg stage and nestling stage). Furthermore, assistance from conspecific helpers may increase attack intensities. However, they were deterred from mobbing overall by the presence of the ***: Oriental reed warblers are able to distinguish cuckoos from harmless doves. However, they may be deterred from mobbing by the presence of the predatory hawk, suggesting hawk mimicry may be ineffective and does not reduce attacks of cuckoos by highly aggressive hosts.

关键词： Attack Brood parasitism Common cuckoo Mobbing Nest defense Oriental reed warbler

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