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paleoenvironmental reconstruction and organic matter accumulation of the paleogene shahejie oil shale in the Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1552-1568页

作者： Xiao-Lin Wang Xiao-Min Zhu Jin Lai Xing-Yue Lin Xiang Wang Yu-Shan Du Chao Huang Yu-Rui Zhu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum (Beijing) College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Shengli Oilfield SINOPEC

The controlling factors of organic-rich shale accumulation is essential for the exploration and development of shale oil and gas resources. The sedimentary environment plays a vital role in the formation of organic-rich sediments in lacustrine facies. This article unravels the mineralogy, geochemistry, and paleoenvironmental evolution during the deposition of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3L). It discusses the effects of paleoclimate, paleosalinity, paleoredox conditions, paleowater depth, and paleoproductivity on organic matter(OM) enrichment. Finally, the OM enrichment model was established. The results show that the mineralogical compositions are mainly composed of calcite(avg. 40.13%), quartz(avg. 21.64%) and clay minerals(avg. 24.07%), accompanied by dolomite(avg. 7.07%), feldspar(avg. 6.36%)and pyrite(avg. 2.95%). The Es3Lshale has a high abundance of OM, with total organic carbon(TOC)ranging from 1.07% to 5.12%. The organic matter type is mainly composed of type I-II1kerogen, which is generally considered a good-quality source rock. The source of OM is a mixture of lower bacteria, algae,and plants. During the early sedimentary period, the paleoclimate was dry and cold, with high salinity,intense reducibility, and relatively low productivity. During the late sedimentary period, the climate became warmer and more humid. As a result, the salinity decreased to a level that was suitable for biological reproduction, and productivity increased gradually due to the input of terrigenous plants.Paleosalinity and paleoclimate determined the environment of the sedimentary period, in addition,paleoproductivity and paleoredox condition indicated the formation and preservation conditions of OM.The warm and humid climate, brackish water, suitable reduction conditions and high productivity are the favorable conditions for the generation and preservation of organic matter. The research results may have implications for the genetic mechanisms of organic matter accumulation. They will provide theoretical and technical in

关键词： Elemental geochemical paleoenvironment Organic matter accumulation Paleogene shahejie formation Zhanhua Sag Bohai Bay Basin

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Megafossils of Betulaceae from the Oligocene of Qaidam Basin and their paleoenvironmental and phytogeographic implications

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Plant Diversity 2024年第1期46卷 101-115页

作者： Tao Yang Jia-Hao Cai Yan-Zhi Dai Hong-Yu Chen Lei Han Li Zhang Wei-Yu Liang Xu-Jun Li Wen-Jia Li Jing-Yu Wu San-Ping Xie De-Fei Yan School of Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China(Gansu Province) Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Center for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environments School of Earth Sciences and EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Understanding the paleoenvironment and phytogeographical history of the Tibetan Plateau,China relies on discovering new plant fossils.The Qaidam Basin has long been regarded as an ideal‘field laboratory’to investigate the paleoclimate and paleobiological evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau.However,fossil angiosperms from the Qaidam Basin are rare,and our knowledge of its paleovegetation is poor.Here,we report fossil leaves and fruits of Betulaceae found from the Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation of northwestern Qaidam Basin(Huatugou area).Comparative morphological analysis led us to assign the fruits to the Betula subgenus Betula and the leaves to Carpinus grandis.These findings,together with other reported fossil plants from the same locality,reveal a close floristic linkage between the Qaidam Basin and Europe during the Oligocene.The northern pathway of this floristic exchange may have crossed through the Qaidam Basin during the late Paleogene.This floristic linkage may have been facilitated by the continuous narrowing of the Turgai Strait and stronger westerlies,which transported moisture and provided favorable climatic conditions.Indeed,fossil plants collected from the Qaidam Basin suggest that during the Oligocene this region had warm and humid deciduous broad-leaf forest,which differs from the region’s modern vegetation and indicates that the Qaidam Basin may have been a suitable region for these plants to flourish and spread during the Oligocene.

关键词： paleoenvironment Biogeography Betulaceous fossil Qaidam basin Tibetan Plateau Oligocene

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Glacial-interglacial cycles recorded in clay minerals from the eastern Tibetan Plateau over the last 800 ka and their indications

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2162-2177页

作者： Xiaoyan ZHANG Chunxia ZHANG Yan ZHAO Bin HU Zhengtang GUO Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Clay mineral proxies have been widely used to reconstruct changes in provenance and the paleoclimate.However,high-altitude clay mineral indications and long-term and orbital variations have not been fully explored.Herein,we present an800-ka clay-mineral record from a lacustrine sediment core(ZB13-C2)from the Zoige Basin on the eastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the clay mineral assemblages and their micromorphological characteristics of core ZB13-C2.The results revealed that the clay minerals in core ZB13-C2 are mainly illite,with small amounts of chlorite,kaolinite,and smectite(including irregular mixed-layers of illite-smectite(I/S)and chloritesmectite(C/S)).The clay mineral assemblages and proxies exhibit three stages of change,which are mainly controlled by the Zoige watershed range under different climate conditions.The watershed was limited to the southeastern region with altitudes ranging from~3500 to~4200 meters above sea level(m a.s.l.),and glacial-interglacial hydraulic erosion controlled the input of bedrock debris during 800-621 ka BP.It expanded to higher altitudes(~4200 to~4700 m a.s.l.)due to stronger seasonal freezethaw weathering without significant glacial-interglacial variations under a cooling and drying climate during 621-100 ka BP.Finally,it expanded to its highest altitudes of~4700 to~5200 m a.***.l.northwest of the watershed after 100 ka BP,and hydraulic erosion increased obviously under a warm climate of the interstadial MIS 3 on the TP.The watershed underwent two major expansions under different climatic conditions at~621 ka and 100 ka BP,with the wet/dry alternation became strong at~621 ka BP.These results reveal that long-term temperature changes and the wet/dry alternation at high altitudes controlled the watershed range and degree of the physical erosion,and that the indications of clay minerals should be carefully clarified before they are used as climate indicators,especially on the TP.

关键词： Quaternary Zoige Basin Lacustrine sediments paleoenvironment Weathering

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Paleogene integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1290-1325页

作者： Jia LIU Ai SONG Lin DING Tao SU Zhekun ZHOU CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Institute of Paleontology Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

The Paleogene is a crucial period when terrestrial and marine ecosystems recovered from major disruptions and gradually approached their modern states.In the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions,the Paleogene also represents a significant phase of tectonic evolution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau-Himalaya orogeny,reorganization of Asian climates,and evolution of biodiversity.Due to limitations in research conditions and understanding,there are still many controversies regarding stratigraphic divisions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions.In recent years,extensive studies on sedimentary petrology,magnetostratigraphy,and isotope dating have been conducted in the region.Numerous fossils have been discovered and reported,contributing to a more systematic understanding of biostratigraphy.These studies have laid a solid foundation for the comprehensive investigation of the stratigraphy,biotas and paleogeographic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions during the Paleogene.In this paper,we integrate recent research on fossils,isotopic dating,magnetostratigraphy,and geochemistry to refine the stratigraphic divisions and correlation framework of different tectonic units in the region,building upon previous studies.Since the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research,the knowledge of Paleogene floras has gradually expanded.This paper discusses the biostratigraphic significance of extinct and newly appeared taxa based on the latest dating results of these plant species.The new understanding of fossil species such as the“Eucalyptus”and Arecaceae establishes connections between the Paleogene flora of the Qinghai-Tibetan region and the biotas of Gondwana,specifically Oceania and South America.The evolutionary history of key taxa near the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone indicates that the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates occurred approximately 65-54 Ma.Paleoelevation reconstructions,based on plant fossils,suggest that the Hengduan Mounta

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Fossils Biostratigraphy paleoenvironment Paleogeography Paleogene

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Sedimentary Characteristics,Ages,and Environmental Significance of Gravel Deposits and Loess in Shandong,Eastern China:Regional Response to Global Change Since the Last Glacial Period

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第2期98卷 491-504页

作者： WANG Min KONG Fanbiao KONG Xianglun CHEN Haitao WANG Jiawei MIAO Xiaodong JIA Guangju HAN Mei XU Shujian Department of Geography and Tourism Qilu Normal UniversityJinan 250014China School of Geography and Environment Shandong Normal UniversityJinan 250014China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection Linyi UniversitySchool of Resources and EnvironmentLinyiShandong 276005China College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandong 266590China

Investigation of rarely studied gravel layers found in the loess in Shandong Province,eastern China,reveals the fabric characteristics of two gravel layers(G1,G2)and the sedimentary characteristics of loess at the typical and well-preserved Heiyu section(HY),where,to determine the paleoclimatic changes during Marine Isotope Stage 3a.Optically stimulated luminescence dates of the HY formation range from 0.26±0.02 ka to 39.00±2.00 ka.In addition,the ages of G1 and G2 were estimated using the Bayesian model to be 39.60-40.50 and 29.00-29.50 ka.G1 and G2 are mainly composed of fine and medium gravel,both of which were subangular to subrounded limestone,with gravel directions to NE and E.The average flow velocity,average depth,and flood peak flow of G1 are 1.10 m/s,0.49 m,and 37.04 m^(3)/s,respectively,calculated using the flow energy method,whereas those of G2 are 0.98 m/s,0.38 m,and 18.38 m^(3)/s,respectively.Analysis of climate proxy indices show that the sedimentary environment of the gravel and loess in HY might be a regional response to global change.

关键词： paleoenvironment geochronology gravel layer sedimentology Pleistocene Shandong Province

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paleoenvironment reconstruction of the Middle Ordovician thick carbonate from western Ordos Basin, China

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Petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 48-59页

作者： Jia-Qi Yang Jun-Tao Zhang Zhi-Liang He Tao Zhang School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China SINOPEC Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing100083China China Petrochemical Corporation Ltd. Beijing100728China

Reconstructing paleoenvironments has long been considered a vital component for understanding the development and evolution of carbonate reservoirs.The Middle Ordovician Period is considered the archetypical greenhouse interval,and also a critical period in biological evolution.The Middle Darriwilian isotope carbon excursion has been observed in many areas of the world and may be related to the biological explosions caused by decreases in the temperature.The thick carbonate rocks in the fifth member of the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Dingbei area of the Ordos Basin were chosen as an example,based on the concentration of major,trace and rare earth elements as well as C,O and Sr isotopic analyses,the paleoenvironment was reconstructed.And its impact on natural gas exploration was analyzed.The results show that the seawater paleotemperature was 29℃,suboxicanoxic paleoredox conditions were observed,and the seawater paleosalinity was high.A large number of plankton in the biological explosion caused a rapid increase in the total organic carbon in carbonate rocks,which provided natural gas as supplemental source rocks.Affected by early meteoric water,the dissolution of gypsum laid the foundation for high-quality reservoirs,and the residual gypsum also further preserved natural gas.This study provides new data for the paleoenvironment and a theoretical basis for further natural gas exploration.

关键词： Middle darriwilian isotope carbon excursion paleoenvironment Natural gas exploration Middle ordovician Ordos basin

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Machine learning-supported seismic stratigraphy of the Paleozoic Nubia Formation(SW Gulf of Suez-rift):Implications for paleoenvironmentpetroleum geology of a lacustrine-fan delta

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Petroleum 2023年第2期9卷 301-315页

作者： Mohammad A.Abdelwahhab Nabil A.Abdelhafez Ahmed M.Embabi Geology Department Faculty of ScienceAl-Azhar UniversityNasr CityCairoEgypt

Steeply dipping prograding fan deltas possess high reservoir quality facies that could be excellent targets while exploring for hydrocarbons.Due to their complex stacking nature,and limited examples,delineating their architectural elements is still challenging.In this paper we mainly performed sedimentary facies analysis;applying various disciplines e.***.sequence stratigraphy,seismic stratigraphy,GR-log motifs,and seismic waveform segmentation;so as to adequately depict the reservoir heterogeneity and quality of the Paleozoic Nubia clastics in West Esh El Mallaha Concession(southwest Gulf of Suez rift).Organic maturity prediction,to confirm the hydrocarbon charging from source units to reservoir intervals,was also of most importance in this study.Accordingly,1D basin model was established to define the past geologic events;subsidence,and thermal maturity;and their controls on sedimentary basin evolution and associated petroleum potential.We utilized several key-information scales;e.***.wireline logs,and seismic profiles.Linking different disciplines applied in this study points to a successful integrated reservoir characterization workflow capable of unfolding ancient environments and the associated hydrocarbon potential.The results show that Nubia Formation was built during the lowstandtransgressive phase of a 3rd order depositional sequence.It encompasses fluvio-lacustrine system with eight sedimentary facies associations;form source to sink.Fluvial channels and mouth bars,settled in subaerial and subaqueous settings respectively,represent the most significant reservoir facies in the area.Given best hydrocarbon-reservoir quality,the deltaic mouth bars ought to attract attention of further oilfield development plans and be considered while investigating similar settings.

关键词： Seismic stratigraphy Nubia formation paleoenvironment Petroleum geology West Esh El Mallaha concession Gulf of Suez

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paleoenvironment and organic matter enrichment of the Carboniferous volcanic-related source rocks in the Malang Sag,Santanghu Basin,NW China

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Petroleum Science 2021年第1期18卷 29-53页

作者： Tian-Jun Li Zhi-Long Huang Xuan Chen Xin-Ning Li Jun-Tian Liu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijng 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Tuha Oilfield CompanyHamiXinjiang 839009China

Volcanic activity was quite frequent during the deposition of the Late Carboniferous Ha’erjiawu Formation in the Santanghu Basin.The petrology and organic and inorganic geochemical indicators were used to investigate hydrocarbon potential,paleoenvironmental conditions and organic matter enrichment of the mudstones.The results show that the oil generation capacity of the Ha’erjiawu Formation mudstones,which has abundant oil-prone organic matter(TypeⅡkerogen with hydrogen index values mainly ranging from 250 to 550 mg HC/g TOC)in mature stage(Tmax values mainly ranging from 435 to 450℃),is considerable.The Ha’erjiawu Formation was deposited in a dysoxic,freshwater-mildly brackish,and warm-humid environment.During its deposition,the Ha’erjiawu Formation received hydrothermal inputs.The volcanic hydrothermal activities played an important role in the organic matter enrichment.In addition,the total organic carbon(TOC)is significantly positively correlated with the felsic mineral content,but it is negatively correlated with the carbonate mineral content and C27/C29 ratios,indicating that terrigenous organic matter input also contributed to the primary productivity in the surface water.Therefore,the formation of the high-quality source rocks in the Ha’erjiawu Formation was jointly affected by the hydrothermal activity and the terrigenous organic matter input.

关键词： Organic-rich rocks paleoenvironment Organic matter enrichment Hydrothermal activity Ha’erjiawu Formation Santanghu Basin

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paleoenvironment controls on organic matter accumulation in transitional shales from the eastern Ordos Basin,China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2021年第4期15卷 737-753页

作者： Jianwei LV Songhang ZHANG Ning YANG Chunbo FU Xinlu YAN Yang LI School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics Beijing 101149China Huadian Coal Industry Group Co. Ltd.Beijing 100035China Second Oil Production Plant PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyQingyang 745100China

To investigate the paleoenvironmental controls on organic matter accumulation of Upper Paleozoic shales in the eastern Ordos Basin,China,26 shale samples were collected from two wells drilled into the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations.The total organic carbon(TOC)content,mineral compositions and elemental geochemistry of the samples were analyzed.Quartz(35.42%)and clay minerals(48.34%)are the dominant minerals and trace elements(Li,Cs,Cu,V,Co,and Cr)are commonly enriched in the shale samples compared to the Upper Continental Crust.C-values(ranging from 0.2 to 4.5),chemical indices of weathering(CIW)values(48.82 to 99.11),and Sr/Cu ratios(1.00 to 11.05)suggest that the paleoclimate was humid in the study area during the Late Paleozoic.Elemental redox indices(e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3)/(Al_(2)O_(3)+Fe_(2)O_(3)),V/Cr,Ni/Co,V/(V+Ni)and U/Th)indicate a dysoxic to oxic paleoenvironment characterized by transi-tional sedimentary deposits in a continental margin setting.In addition,chemical index of alteration(CIA,ranging from 77.92%to 98.36%)and CIW(89.19%to 99.11%)values suggest that there was intense chemical weathering in the study area,while the Al_(2)O_(3)-CaO^(*)+Na_(2)O-K_(2)O(A-CN-K)ternary diagram demonstrates that the shales were not subjected to potassium metasomatism during diagen-esis.Al_(2)O_(3)/TiO_(2)and TiO_(2)/Zr ratios,as well as REE characteristics suggest a felsic source rocks and discount seawater as an REE source.Ce anomalies indicate an oxic environment with terrigenous input during black shale deposition,and LREE enrichment with negative Eu anomalies suggests that both shale formations were affected by detrital input rather than hydrothermal fluids.The correlation of TOC(ranging from 1.10%to 6.39%,with an average of 2.77%)with trace elemental redox indices(Sr/Cu,Sr/Ba,V/Cr,and U/Th)indicates that a warm-humid,dysoxic to oxic environment preserved much of the organic matter.

关键词： Late Paleozoic shale geochemistry paleoenvironment eastern Ordos Basin

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paleoenvironment evolution of the East Philippine Sea recorded in the new-type ferromanganese crust since the terminal Late Miocene

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第8期50卷 1179-1188页

作者： XU ZhaoKai LI AnChun JIANG FuQing LI TieGang MENG QingYong JIN Ning Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China

From systemic research of microstructure, geochemistry, uranium-series and 10Be isotope dating on a new-type deepwater ferromanganese crust from the East Philippine Sea, the paleoenvironment evolu-tion of the target area since the terminal Late Miocene was recovered. The vertical section changes of microstructure and chemical composition are consistent in the studied crust, which indicate three major accretion periods and corresponding paleoenvironment evolution of the crust. The bottom crust zone was formed in the terminal Late Miocene (5.6 Ma) with loose microstructure, high detritus content and high growth rate. Reductions of mineral element content, accretion rate and positive Ce-anomaly degree at 4.6 Ma indicate temporal warming, which went against the crust accretion and finally formed an accretion gap in the terminal Middle Pliocene (2.8―2.7 Ma). The more active Antarctic bottom sea-waters in the Late Pliocene (2.7 Ma) facilitated the fast transfer to the top pure crust zone. Hereafter, with the further apart of volcanic source and the keeping increase of eolian material (1.0 Ma), although surrounding conditions were still favorable, mineral element content still shows an obvious reducing trend. It thereby offers new carrier and data for the unclear paleoceanographic research of the target area since the terminal Late Miocene.

关键词： new-type ferromanganese crust record paleoenvironment evolution uranium-series dating 10Be isotope dating East Philippine Sea

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