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Impact of volcanism on the formation and hydrocarbon generation of organic-rich shale in the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1539-1551页

作者： Jia-Hong Gao Xin-Ping Liang Zhi-Jun Jin Quan-You Liu Chang-Rong Li Xiao-Wei Huang Ju-Ye Shi Peng Li State Key Laboratory of shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development Institute of Energy Peking University Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPEC School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences

Globally, most organic-rich shales are deposited with volcanic ash layers. Volcanic ash, a source for many sedimentary basins, can affect the sedimentary water environment, alter the primary productivity, and preserve the organic matter（OM） through physical, chemical, and biological reactions. With an increasing number of breakthroughs in shale oil exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin in recent years, less attention has been paid to the crucial role of volcanic impact especially its influence on the OM enrichment and hydrocarbon formation. Here, we studied the petrology, mineralogy, and geochemical characteristics of the organic-rich shale in the upper submember of the fourth member（Es4～1） and the lower submember of the third member（Es3～3） of the Shahejie Formation, aiming to better understand the volcanic impact on organic-rich shale formation. Our results show that total organic carbon is higher in the upper shale intervals rich in volcanic ash with enriched light rare earth elements and moderate Eu anomalies. This indicates that volcanism promoted OM formation before or after the eruption. The positive correlation between Eu/Eu* and Post-Archean Australian shale indicates hydrothermal activity before the volcanic eruption. The plane graph of the hydrocarbon-generating intensity（S1+S2） suggests that the heat released by volcanism promoted hydrocarbon generation. Meanwhile, the nutrients carried by volcanic ash promoted biological blooms during Es4～1 and Es3～3 deposition, yielding a high primary productivity. Biological blooms consume large amounts of oxygen and form anoxic environments conducive to the burial and preservation of OM. Therefore, this study helps to further understand the organic-inorganic interactions caused by typical geological events and provides a guide for the next step of shale oil exploration and development in other lacustrine basins in China.

关键词： Volcanic ash Hydrocarbon generation organic-rich shale Shahejie Formation Jiyang Depression

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A rock physics model for the characterization of organic-rich shale from elastic properties

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Petroleum Science 2015年第2期12卷 264-272页

作者： Ying Li Zhi-Qi Guo Cai Liu Xiang-Yang Li Gang Wang College of Computer Science and Technology Jilin University College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology Jilin University British Geological Survey CNPC Key Laboratory of Geophysical Prospecting China University of Petroleum

Kerogen content and kerogen porosity play a significant role in elastic properties of organic-rich shales. We construct a rock physics model for organic-rich shales to quantify the effect of kerogen content and kerogen porosity using the Kuster and Toks6z theory and the selfconsistent approximation method. Rock physics modeling results show that with the increase of kerogen content and kerogen-related porosity, the velocity and density of shales decrease, and the effect of kerogen porosity becomes more obvious only for higher kerogen content. We also find that the Poisson＇s ratio of the shale is not sensitive to kerogen porosity for the case of gas saturation. Finally, for the seismic reflection responses of an organic-rich shale layer, forward modeling results indicate the fifth type AVO re- sponses which correspond to a negative intercept and a positive gradient. The absolute values of intercept and gradient increase with kerogen content and kerogen porosity, and present predictable variations associated with velocities and density.

关键词： Rock physics organic-rich shale Kerogencontent - Kerogen porosity - AVO

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The petrological characteristics and signif icance of organic-rich shale in the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation,south margin of the Ordos basin,central China

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Petroleum Science 2019年第6期16卷 1255-1269页

作者： Sen Li Ru-Kai Zhu Jing-Wei Cui Zhong Luo Jing-Gang Cui Han Liu Wei-Qiang Li Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China Tight Oil and Gas Research Center of National Energy Beijing 100083China Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir of PetroChina Beijing 100083China

The organic-rich shale of the Chang 7 member is the most important source rock in the Ordos basin.The sedimentary environment and the controlling factors of organic matter enrichment,however,are still in contention.In this investigation,the Yishicun outcrop,located on the south margin of the Ordos basin,has been considered for the study.X-ray diffraction,polarizing microscopy,field emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence(CL)were used to investigate the petrological features of the organic-rich shale.The content of volcanic ash and the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals were measured to illustrate the relationship between oxygen level,ash content and the enrichment of organic matter.It has been found that the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals has a strong correlation with the total organic carbon,demonstrating that the redox status degree of the water column has a positive impact on the enrichment of organic matter.Additionally,with an increase in the ash content,the content of organic matter increased at first and then decreased,and reached a maximum when the ash content was about 6%,illustrating that the ash input has a double effect on the enrichment of organic matter.

关键词： organic-rich shale Volcanic ash Framboidal pyrite pseudocrystal Chang 7 member Ordos basin

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Factors controlling organic-rich shale development in the Liushagang Formation,Weixinan Sag,Beibu Gulf Basin:Implications of structural activity and the depositional environment

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Petroleum Science 2021年第4期18卷 1011-1020页

作者： Jin-Jun Xu Qiang Jin Xin-De Xu Fu-Qi Cheng Chen-Hui Hu Bin Wang Tao Chen Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)QingdaoShandong266580China CNOOC China Limited Zhanjiang BranchGuangdong524057China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Shengli Oilfield CompanySinopecDongying257015China

The mechanisms of lacustrine organic-rich shale formation have attracted attention due to its association with global shale oil and shale gas exploration.Samples of general-quality and excellent-quality source rocks,and oil shale from the Beibu Gulf Basin were analyzed to investigate their organic geochemistry,palynofacies,and trace elements.Hydrocarbon potential was higher in the oil shale(29.79 mg/g)than in the general-quality source rock(3.82 mg/g),and its kerogen type wasⅠ-Ⅱ2.Hydrogen-rich liptinite(cutinite and sporinite)components derived from terrigenous higher plants provided most of the hydrocarbon potential of excellent-quality source rock and oil shale.Under the influence of depressioncontrolling fault activity,a deeper subsidence center promotes the deposition of excellent-quality source rock and oil shale in brackish-hypoxic bottom water.A shallower subsidence center,due to subsag-controlling fault activity,promotes the formation of excellent-quality source rock under freshbrackish and weak oxidation-weak reducing conditions.The local uplift and shallow-slope led to the formation of general-quality source rock,under freshwater weak-oxidation conditions.A model was established for organic matter(OM)accumulation in organic-rich shales,accounting for fault activity,terrigenous hydrogen-rich OM,and the preservation conditions,to predict the development of excellent-quality source rock from areas with low levels of exploration.

关键词： organic-rich shale Geochemical characteristics Palynofacies Structural activity Depositional environment Accumulation model Beibu gulf basin

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Pore characteristics and formation mechanism of high-maturity organic-rich shale in Lower Cambrian Jiumenchong Formation,southern Guizhou

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Petroleum Research 2018年第1期3卷 57-65页

作者： Zhongbao Liu Bo Gao Zongquan Hu Wei Du Haikuan Nie Tao Jiang State Key Laboratory of shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 100083China Sinopec Key Laboratory of shale Oil/Gas Exploration and Production Beijing 100083China Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 100083China School of Earth and Space Science Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

In order to investigate pore characteristics and formation mechanism in the high-maturity organic-rich shale of Lower Cambrian Jiumenchong Formation in southern Guizhou,the pore structure,pore type and storage properties are well studied through the rock thin section,total rock X-ray diffraction,lowtemperature nitrogen adsorption,high pressure mercury injection-adsorption test,helium porosity test,argon ion polishing-scanning electron microscope,thermal evolution and pore evolution history reconstruction,and based on the diagenesis and compaction as well as thermal evolution process,a microscopic pore formation and evolution model of high-maturity organic-rich shale are established.The result shows that the high-maturity organic-rich shale of Jiumenchong Formation has the average total specific surface area of 12.66m^(2)/g and the total pore volume of 11.54×10^(-3)cm^(3)/g,and the total specific surface area have a positive correlation with total pore volume;the total specific surface area and the total pore volume are slightly lower compared with the Lower Silurian shale.The pores are dominated by micropores and mesopores,while macropores are very rare.The pores of the organic-rich shale mainly are organic pores with small diameter usually less than 30 nm,and the pore boundary form is irregular,the inorganic mineral pores are not developed.Compared with the Silurian shale,the shale has poorer reservoir property,the average porosity is only 2.80%;the horizontal permeability is 1e3 times of the vertical permeability,indicating the horizontal lamellations are not developed.The formation and evolution of pores in high-maturity organic-rich shale is jointly influenced by the evolutionary process of intergranular pores of inorganic mineral under the control of the diagenesis and compaction,the organic pore formation process in the hydrocarbon generation-oil formation-oil and gas transformation sequence under the control of thermal evolution,and the natural gas loss-supply equilibration process under the condition of l

关键词： organic-rich shale organic pore Inorganic pore Microfracture Lower Cambrian Southern Guizhou

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Laminae combination and shale oil enrichment patterns of Chang 73 sub-member organic-rich shales in the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第6期47卷 1342-1353页

作者： XI Kelai LI Ke CAO Yingchang LIN Miruo NIU Xiaobing ZHU Rukai WEI Xinzhuo YOU Yuan LIANG Xiaowei FENG Shengbin Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company Xi’an 710065China PertroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

The Chang 73 sub-member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin was taken as an example and the lamina types and combinations,reservoir space features and shale oil enrichment patterns in organic-rich shale strata were investigated using core observation,thin section analysis,XRF element measurement,XRD analysis,SEM,high solution laser Raman spectroscopy analysis,and micro-FTIR spectroscopy analysis,etc.According to the mineral composition and thickness of the laminae,the Chang 73 organic-rich shales have four major types of laminae,tuff-rich lamina,organic-rich lamina,silt-grade feldspar-quartz lamina and clay lamina.They have two kinds of shale oil-bearing layers,"organic-rich lamina+silt-grade feldspar-quartz lamina"and"organic-rich lamina+tuff-rich lamina"layers.In the"organic-rich+silt-grade feldspar-quartz"laminae combination shale strata,oil was characterized by relative high maturation,and always filled in K-feldspar dissolution pores in the silt-grade feldspar-quartz laminae,forming oil generation,migration and accumulation process between laminae inside the organic shales.In the"organic-rich+tuff-rich lamina"binary laminae combination shale strata,however,the reservoir properties were poor in organic-rich shales,the oil maturation was relatively lower,and mainly accumulated in the intergranular pores of interbedded thin-layered sandstones.The oil generation,migration and accumulation mainly occurred between organic-rich shales and interbedded thin-layered sandstones.

关键词： organic-rich shale laminae combination oil enrichment patterns shale oil Triassic Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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The application of machine learning under supervision in identification of shale lamina combination types——A case study of Chang 7_(3)sub-member organic-rich shales in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

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Petroleum Science 2021年第6期18卷 1619-1629页

作者： Yuan-Yuan Zhang Ke-Lai Xi Ying-Chang Cao Bao-Hai Yu Hao Wang Mi-Ruo Lin Ke Li Yang-Yang Zhang Deep Oil and Gas Key Laboratory China University of Petroleum(East China)QingdaoShandong 266580China No.7 Oil Recovery Plant of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company Xi'anShaanxi 710000China Fengcheng Oil Recovery Plant of PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company KaramayXinjiang 834000China

organic rich laminated shale is one type of favorable reservoirs for exploration and development of continental shale oil in China.However,with limited geological data,it is difficult to predict the spatial distribution of laminated shale with great vertical heterogeneity.To solve this problem,taking Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin as an example,an idea of predicting lamina combinations by combining'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'has been worked out based on machine learning under supervision on the premise of adequate knowledge of characteristics of lamina mineral components.First,the main mineral components of the work area were figured out by analyzing core data,and the log data sensitive to changes of the mineral components was extracted;then machine learning was used to construct the mapping relationship between the two;based on the variations in mineral composition,the lamina combination types in typical wells of the research area were identified to verify the method.The results show the approach of'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'works well in identifying the types of shale lamina combinations.The approach was applied to Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin to find out planar distribution characteristics of the laminae.

关键词： organic-rich shale Laminae combination Conventional logs Machine learning Ordos Basin

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Authigenic silica in continental lacustrine shale and its hydrocarbon significance

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第5期49卷 1033-1045页

作者： BAI Bin DAI Chaocheng HOU Xiulin LIU Xianyang WANG Rui YANG Liang LI Shixiang HE Junling DONG Ruojing PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China School of Earth Sciences East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330000China Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company Xi'an 710018China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Daqing 163453China Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Jilin Oilfield Company Songyuan 138099China

Taking lake basin shales of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,NW China and the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,NE China as research objects,the characteristics and origins of different types of silica in the shales have been studied by means of core observation,thin section identification,cathodoluminescence,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe and rock pyrolysis.The results shows that the origins of silica include felsic mineral dissolution,tuffite devitrification,clay mineral transformation and siliceous mineral metasomatism.The silica formed by feldspar dissolution commonly appears as spots and veins,with low degree of crystallization,and is largely aqueous opal mineral,with an average Si O2 content of 67.2%.Silica formed by devitrification of tuffite mainly occurs in two forms,amorphous silica and authigenic quartz with better crystal shape.The authigenic silica formed during the transformation of clay minerals is embedded in the clay minerals in the form of micron-scale plates and small flakes,or mixed with clay minerals in a dispersed state.The authigenic quartz formed by siliceous mineral metasomatism is in better angular crystal shape,and has an average Si O2 content of 87%.The authigenic siliceous mineral content is positively correlated with the content of terrigenous felsic minerals.The pressure solution of felsic minerals is the main source of authigenic siliceous minerals,followed by the transformation of clay minerals,and the organic matter has some boost on the formation of authigenic silica.The authigenic siliceous materials of different origins have different geological characteristics and occurrence states from terrigenous quartz,which would affect the storage performance,seepage capacity and fracturing effect of continental shale.Although the organic-rich shale has high silica content,different from terrigenous quartz,authigenic silica in this kind of shale mostly floats and disperse in clay minerals,which would have

关键词： continental lake basin organic-rich shale authigenic quartz Qingshankou Formation Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin Songliao Basin

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Basic characteristics of key interfaces in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery,SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第1期49卷 37-51页

作者： WANG Yuman WANG Hongyan QIU Zhen SHEN Junjun ZHANG Qin ZHANG Leifu WANG Canhui LI Xinjing Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Yangtze University Wuhan 430100China

Based on anatomy of key areas and data points and analysis of typical features of shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member, basic characteristics of key interfaces, mainly bentonite layers, in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas and the relationship between these key interfaces with the deposition of organic-rich shale have been examined systematically. The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation has four types of marker beds with interface attributes, namely, the characteristic graptolite belt, Guanyinqiao Member shell layer, section with dense bentonite layers, and concretion section, which can be taken as key interfaces for stratigraphic division and correlation of the graptolite shale. The shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member is the most standard key interface in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation, and can also be regarded as an important indicator for judging the depositional scale of organic-rich shale in key areas. There are 8 dense bentonite sections of two types mainly occurring in 7 graptolite belts in these formations. They have similar interface characteristics with the shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member in thickness and natural gamma response, and belong to tectonic interfaces(i.e., event deposits). They have three kinds of distribution scales: whole region, large part of the region, and local part, and can be the third, fourth and fifth order sequence interfaces, and have a differential control effect on organic-rich shale deposits. The horizon the characteristic graptolite belt occurs first is the isochronous interface, which is not directly related to the deposition of organic-rich shale. Concretions only appear in local areas, and show poor stability in vertical and horizontal directions, and have no obvious relationship with the deposition of the organic-rich shale.

关键词： Sichuan Basin Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Guanyinqiao Member graptolitic belt shell layer bentonite concretion organic-rich shale

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Molecular Structure of Kerogen in the Longmaxi shale: Insights from Solid State NMR, FT-IR, XRD and HRTEM

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第4期93卷 1015-1024页

作者： WANG Xiaoqi ZHU Yanming LIU Yu LI Wu Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation on Process Ministry of EducationChina University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221008JiangsuChina School of Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221116JiangsuChina

Kerogen plays an important role in shale gas adsorption,desorption and diffusion.Therefore,it is necessary to characterize the molecular structure of kerogen.In this study,four kerogen samples were isolated from the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation.Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the maturity of these kerogen samples.Highresolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),13 C nuclear magnetic resonance(13 C NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy were conducted to characterize the molecular structure of the shale samples.The results demonstrate that VReqv of these kerogen samples vary from 2.3%to 2.8%,suggesting that all the kerogen samples are in the dry gas window.The macromolecular carbon skeleton of the Longmaxi Formation kerogen is mainly aromatic(fa’=0.56).In addition,the aromatic structural units are mainly composed of naphthalene(23%),anthracene(23%)and phenanthrene(29%).However,the aliphatic structure of the kerogen macromolecules is relatively low(fal*+falH=0.08),which is presumed to be distributed in the form of methyl and short aliphatic chains at the edge of the aromatic units.The oxygen-containing functional groups in the macromolecules are mainly present in the form of carbonyl groups(fac=0.23)and hydroxyl groups or ether groups(falO=0.13).The crystallite structural parameters of kerogen,including the stacking height(Lc=22.84?),average lateral size(La=29.29?)and interlayer spacing(d002=3.43?),are close to the aromatic structural parameters of anthracite or overmature kerogen.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the aromatic structure is well oriented,and more than 65%of the diffractive aromatic layers are concentrated in the main direction.Due to the continuous deep burial,the longer aliphatic chains and oxygen-containing functional groups in the kerogen are substantially depleted.However,the ductility and stacking degree of the aromatic structure increases during thermal evolution.This study provides quantitative in

关键词： organic-rich shale molecular structure kerogen HRTEM Sichuan Basin

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