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Marine oil spill contingency planning

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2002年第1期14卷 102-107页

作者： QiaoB ChuJC CenterofEnvironmentalSciences PekingUniversityBeijing100871China.E－mail：qiaobing@*** WaterborneTransportationInstitute MinistryofCommunicationsBeijing100088China

According to the practice researching and formulating “The oil spill Contingency Plan of South Chinese Sea”, this paper analyses and discusses the structure, functions and main contents of marine oil spill contingency planning, programs the organizing and commanding system and emergency response system, and advances the planning and researching method to coordinate comprehensively and to design practically the detailed emergency response steps until to formulate the ease operating programs for the plan implementation(PPI) and the PPI to apply high techniques supporting emergency administrations and response.

关键词： contingency planning oil spill pollution marine environmental protection technical supporting systems

oil spill cleanup from sea water by carbon nanotube sponges

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2013年第2期7卷 170-176页

作者： Ke ZHU Yuan-Yuan SHANG Peng-Zhan SUN Zhen LI Xin-Ming LI Jin-Quan WEI Kun-Lin WANG De-Hai WU An-Yuan CAO Hong-Wei ZHU School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics Tsinghua University Beijing 10008i China

oil spills in the sea have caused many serious environmental problems worldwide. In this study, carbon nanotube （CNT） sponges were used to cleanup oil slicks on sea waters. This method was compared with two traditional representative sorbents, including polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt. The CNT sponges had a larger oil sorption capacity than the other two sorbents. The maximum oil sorption capacity （Qm） of the CNT sponge was 92.30 g/g, which was 12 to 13.5 times larger than the Qm of the other two sorbents （the Qm of the polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt were 7.45 and 6.74 g/g, respectively）. In addition, unlike the other two sorbents, the CNT sponge was super- hydrophobic and did not adsorb any water during oil spill cleanup. CNT sponges are potentially very useful for cleaning up oil spills from sea water.

关键词： carbon nanotube （CNT） sponge oil spill sorption capacity sea water

Characterization of water-in-crude oil emulsions in oil spill response

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2003年第4期15卷 506-509页

作者： MATHER R.R. FOTHERINGHAM A.F. YANG R.D. HeriotWattUniversityScottishBordersCampus HeriotWattUniversityScottishBordersCampusHeriotWattUniversityScottishBordersCampus GalashielsUKGalashielsUKGalashielsUK

The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water in crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.

关键词： oil spill water in oil emulsions oil spill response DSC ESEM

oil spill detection by a support vector machine based on polarization decomposition characteristics

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2016年第9期35卷 86-90页

作者： ZOU Yarong SHI Lijian ZHANG Shengli LIANG Chao ZENG Tao National Satellite Ocean Application Service State Oceanic Adminstration Key Laboratory for Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application State Oceanic Administration School of English Language Literature and CultureBeijing International Studies University

Marine oil spills have caused major threats to marine environment over the past few years.The early detection of the oil spill is of great significance for the prevention and control of marine disasters.At present,remote sensing is one of the major approaches for monitoring the oil spill.Full polarization synthetic aperture radarc SAR data are employed to extract polarization decomposition parameters including entropy（H） and reflection entropy（A）.The characteristic spectrum of the entropy and reflection entropy combination has analyzed and the polarization characteristic spectrum of the oil spill has developed to support remote sensing of the oil spill.The findings show that the information extracted from（1-A）×（1-H） and（1-H）×A parameters is relatively evident effects.The results of extraction of the oil spill information based on H×A parameter are relatively not good.The combination of the two has something to do with H and A values.In general,when H〉0.7,A value is relatively small.Here,the extraction of the oil spill information using（1-A）×（1-H） and（1-H）×A parameters obtains evident effects.Whichever combined parameter is adopted,oil well data would cause certain false alarm to the extraction of the oil spill information.In particular the false alarm of the extracted oil spill information based on（1-A）×（1-H） is relatively high,while the false alarm based on（1-A）×H and（1-H）×A parameters is relatively small,but an image noise is relatively big.The oil spill detection employing polarization characteristic spectrum support vector machine can effectively identify the oil spill information with more accuracy than that of the detection method based on single polarization feature.

关键词： oil spill polarization synthetic aperture radar characteristic spectrum entropy reflection entropy support vector machine

A study of oil spill detection using ASAR images

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2009年第4期28卷 32-37页

作者： WANG Guiwu ZHANG Yuanzhi LIN Hui Institute of Space and Earth Information Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin NT Hong Kong

The oil spilled worldwide causes ecological disasters that result in enormous damages to the quality of marine environment, and great expenses on clear-up operations are needed. Due to its wide coverage and day-night all-weather observation capability, Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） is an important tool for oil spill monitoring and detection. C-band SAR is well adapted to detect oil pollution because oil slicks dampen the Bragg waves and reduce radar backscattering coefficients. In order to detect the area of oil slicks, the algorithm consists of these steps： Preprocessing, Masking of land areas, Detection of dark spots, Spot feature extraction, Dark spot classification. In this paper, the authors examined two coastal regions around Hong Kong and Yantai, China. The obtained results performed on Envisat ASAR images have demonstrated that it is efficient to detect oil spill around the coastal regions. The methodology still needs to be refined with the collection of more SAR data in the near future.

关键词： oil spill dectection SAR imagery

Low-cost wave characterization modules for oil spill response

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2018年第2期3卷 96-108页

作者： E.D.Skinner M.M.Rooney M.K.Hinders Department of Applied Science William&MaryWilliamsburgVA 23187-8795United States

Marine oil spills can be remediated by mechanical skimmers in calm waters,but performance degrades with increased wave height.We have developed and demonstrated a system that quantifies local wave characteristics with an uncertainty of four inches of heave.Our system is intended for the measurement of wave characteristics during oil spill recovery.It conveys this information to coordinators and responders in real time via WiFi and remote reporting through a satellite network.This information will allow for enhanced situational awareness during an oil spill response,assisting stakeholders and optimizing mechanical skimming operations.Our wave characterization module(WCM)uses accelerometer outputs from a very small inertial measurement unit(IMU)to generate wave statistics and calculate wave characteristics.It is configured such that a WCM can either be attached to a skimmer float or incorporated into a microbuoy.Wave height and period are transmitted via WiFi and/or a satellite-enabled mesh-grid network to a cloud-hosted geographic information system(GIS).Here,we discuss the bare-bones sensors-plus-algorithm approach we developed by using spring-mass systems to approximate the wave height and period regime of interest.We then describe open water tests carried out using that development system both mounted to a weir skimmer mockup and packaged in a microbuoy.Finally,we present controlled tests in the wave tank at Ohmsett,the National oil spill Response Test Facility in New Jersey,with the WCMs communicating the wave characteristics via WiFi to tankside laptops and via satellite to the cloud-based GIS.Snapshot determinations of wave height calculated using the scalar magnitude of the three-axis accelerometer in the IMU were within four inches of the benchmark wave measurement system at Ohmsett.

关键词： oil spill Wave characterization module Inertial measurement unit Microbuoy

The error source analysis of oil spill transport modeling: a case study

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2013年第10期32卷 41-47页

作者： LI Yan ZHU Jiang WANG Hui KUANG Xiaodi University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterState Oceanic Administration Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Marine Environmental Forecasting Division National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterState Oceanic Administration

Numerical modeling is an important tool to study and predict the transport of oil spills. However, the accu- racy of numerical models is not always good enough to provide reliable information for oil spill transport. It is necessary to analyze and identify major error sources for the models. A case study was conducted to analyze error sources of a three-dimensional oil spill model that was used operationally for oil spill forecast- ing in the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center （NMEFC）, the State Oceanic Administration, China. On June 4, 2011, oil from sea bed spilled into seawater in Penglai 19-3 region, the largest offshore oil field of China, and polluted an area of thousands of square kilometers in the Bohai Sea. Satellite remote sensing images were collected to locate oil slicks. By performing a series of model sensitivity experiments with different wind and current forcings and comparing the model results with the satellite images, it was identified that the major errors of the long-term simulation for oil spill transport were from the wind fields, and the wind-induced surface currents. An inverse model was developed to estimate the temporal variabil- ity of emission intensity at the oil spill source, which revealed the importance of the accuracy in oil spill source emission time function.

关键词： error source oil spill lagrangian random walk

odeling of oil spill beaching along the coast of the Bohai Sea, China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2015年第4期9卷 637-641页

作者： Qing XU Yongcun CHENG Bingqing LIU Yongliang WEI Key Laboratory of Coastal Disasters and Defense of Ministry of Education Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China College of Harbor Coastal and Offshore Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Old Dominion University Norfolk VA 23529 USA School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China College of Marine Sciences Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China

On June 4 and 17, 201 I, two separate oil spill accidents occurred at platforms B and C of the Penglai 19- 3 oilfield located in the Bohai Sea, China. Based on the initial oil spill locations detected from the first available Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） image acquired on June 11, 2011, we performed a numerical experiment to simulate the potential oil spill beaching area with the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment （GNOME） model. The model was driven by ocean surface currents from an operational ocean model （Navy Coastal Ocean Model） and surface winds from operational scatterometer measurements （the Advanced Scatterom- eter）. Under the forcing of wind and ocean currents, some of the oil spills reached land along the coast of Qinhuangdao within 12 days. The results also demonstrate that the ocean currents are likely to carry the remaining oil spills along the Bohai coast towards the northeast. The predicted oil spill beaching area was verified by reported in-situ measurements and former studies based on MODIS observations.

关键词： oil spill Bohai Sea trajectory GNOME SAR

A hindcast of the Bohai Bay oil spill during June to August 2011

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2017年第11期36卷 21-26页

作者： YANG Yiqiu LI Yan LIU Guimei PAN Qingqing WANG Zhaoyi Marine Environmental Forecasting Division National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center State Oceanic Administration Beijing 100081 China

An operational three-dimensional oil spill model is developed by the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center（NMEFC）, State Oceanic Administration, China, and the model has been running for 9 a. On June 4 and 17,2011, oil is spilled into the sea water from two separate oil platforms in the Bohai Bay, i.e., Platforms B and C of Penglai 19-3 oilfield. The spill causes pollution of thousands of square kilometres of sea area. The NMEFC’s oil spill model is employed to study the Penglai 19-3 oil-spill pollution during June to August 2011. The wind final analysis data of the NMEFC, which is based on a weather research and forecasting（WRF） model, are analyzed and corrected by comparing with the observation data. A corrected current filed is obtained by forcing the princeton ocean model（POM） with the corrected wind field. With the above marine environmental field forcing the oil spill model, the oil mass balance and oil distribution can be produced. The simulation is validated against the observation, and it is concluded that the oil spill model of the NMEFC is able to commendably simulate the oil spill distribution. Thus the NMEFC’s oil spill model can provide a tool in an environmental impact assessment after the event.

关键词： oil spill hindcast Lagrangian random walk oil distribution swept area