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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第6期128卷 55-70页

作者： Dustin M.E.Lillico Nora A.S.Hussain Yemaya Y.Choo-Yin Rui Qin Zuo Tong How Mohamed Gamal El-Din James L.Stafford Department of Biological Sciences University of AlbertaAlberta T6G 2E9Canada Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of AlbertaAlberta T6G 2E9Canada

In this study,we provide evidence that oil sands process-affected waters(OSPW)contain factors that activate the antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses of immune ***,using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line,we establish the bioactivity of two different OSPW samples and their isolated ***,we directly compared the bioactivity of two pilot scale demonstration pit lake(DPL)water samples,which included expressed water from treated tailings(termed the before water capping sample;BWC)as well as an after water capping(AWC)sample consisting of a mixture of expressed water,precipitation,upland runoff,coagulated OSPW and added *** inflammatory(*** activating)bioactivity was associated with the AWC sample and its organic fraction(OF),whereas the BWC sample had reduced bioactivity that was primarily associated with its inorganic fraction(IF).Overall,these results indicate that at non-toxic exposure doses,the RAW 264.7 cell line serves as an acute,sensitive and reliable biosensor for the screening of inflammatory constituents within and among discrete OSPW samples.

关键词： OSPW oil sands Tailings ponds Remediation Macrophages Bioactivity Bioindicator Immunoecotoxicology

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018年第7期26卷 1485-1492页

作者： Hong Li Peng Shi Xiaolei Fan Xin Gao School of Chemical Engineering and Technology National Engineering Research Center of Distillation TechnologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin)Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science The University of ManchesterSackville Street ManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands （lOS） was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of lOS, showing that 550 ℃ might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat-mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of mi- crowave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat-mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two differ- ent heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis, while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC-MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances （ε 〉 10 at 25 ℃）, such as oxy- organics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances （ε 〈 2 at 25℃）, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future,

关键词： oil sands Microwave irradiation Pyrolysis Fuel Relative volatility

Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

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Petroleum Science 2008年第2期5卷 87-94页

作者： Zhou Shuqing Huang Haiping Liu Yuming School of Energy Resource China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Calgary T2N 1N4 Calgary Canada

The oil sands deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin （WCSB） comprise of at least 85% of the total immobile bitumen in place in the world and are so concentrated as to be virtually the only such deposits that are economically recoverable for conversion to oil. The major deposits are in three geographic and geologic regions of Alberta： Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River. The bitumen reserves have oil gravities ranging from 8 to 12° API, and are hosted in the reservoirs of varying age, ranging from Devonian （Grosmont Formation） to Early Cretaceous （Mannville Group）. They were derived from light oils in the southern Alberta and migrated to the north and east for over 100 km during the Laramide Orogeny, which was responsible for the uplift of the Rocky Mountains. Biodegradation is the only process that transforms light oil into bitumen in such a dramatic way that overshadowed other alterations with minor contributions. The levels of biodegradation in the basin increasing from west （non-biodegraded） to east （extremely biodegraded） can be attributed to decreasing reservoir temperature, which played the primary role in controlling the biodegradation regime. Once the reservoir was heated to approximately 80℃, it was pasteurized and no biodegradation would further occur. However, reservoir temperature could not alone predict the variations of the oil composition and physical properties. Compositional gradients and a wide range ofbiodegradation degree at single reservoir column indicate that the water-leg size or the volume ratio of oil to water is one of the critical local controls for the vertical variations ofbiodegradation degree and oil physical properties. Late charging and mixing of the fresh and degraded oils ultimately dictate the final distribution of compositions and physical properties found in the heavy oil and oil sand fields. oil geochemistry can reveal precisely the processes and levels that control these variations in a given field, which opens the

关键词： Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) oil sands biodegradation mixing

Heavy oil and oil sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第1期93卷 199-212页

作者： LIU Zuodong WANG Hongjun Graham BLACKBOURN MA Feng HE Zhengjun WEN Zhixing WANG Zhaoming YANG Zi LUAN Tiansi WU Zhenzhen PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Blackbourn Geoconsulting Company

Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.

关键词： heavy oil oil sands residual hydrocarbons global resource assessment

Impact of Reservoir Heterogeneity on Bitumen Content in the Mackay River oil sands,Athabasca(Canada)

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第5期98卷 1285-1300页

作者： YANG Xiaofa YU Diyun WU Suwei REN Junhao CHENG Dingsheng HUANG Jixin YANG Chengyu MA Guoqing LI Meijun Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China China National oil and Gas Exploration and Development Company Beijing 100034China National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China

The Lower Cretaceous Manville Group of Upper Mc Murray Formation is one of the main bitumen reservoirs in *** this study,the relationship between reservoirs heterogeneity and bitumen geochemical characteristics were analyzed through core and microscopic observation,lab analysis,petrophysics and logging *** on the sedimentology framework,the formation environment of high-quality oil sand reservoirs and their significance for development were *** results indicate that four types lithofacies were recognized in the Upper Mc Murray Formation based on their depositional *** lithofacies reservoirs has unique physical properties,and is subject to varying degrees of degradation,resulting in diversity of bitumen content and geochemical *** tidal bar(TB)or tidal channel(TC)facies reservoir have excellent physical properties,which are evaluated as gas or water intervals due to strong *** reservoir of sand bar(SB)facies was evaluated as oil intervals,due to its poor physical properties and weak *** reservoir of mixed flat(MF)facies is composed of sand intercalated with laminated shale,which is evaluated as poor oil intervals due to its poor *** shale content in oil sand reservoir is very important for the reservoir physical properties and bitumen degradation *** the context of regional biodegradation,oil sand reservoirs with good physical properties will suffer from strong degradation,while oil sand reservoirs with relatively poor physical properties are more conducive to the bitumen preservation.

关键词： oil sands reservoir heterogeneity geochemical characteristics bitumen content Upper Mc Murray Formation Canada

High-efficiency Extraction of Bitumen from oil sands Using Mixture of Ionic Liquid [Emim][BF_(4)] and Dichloromethane

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China Petroleum Processing & Petrochemical Technology 2021年第2期23卷 132-138页

作者： Sun Yinlu Sun Yizhuo Jia Yushan Yuan Wei Song Ximing College of Chemistry Liaoning UniversityShenyang 110036

An ionic liquid(IL),1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate([Emim][BF_(4)]),was used to enhance bitumen recovery from oil sands by dichloromethane solvent extraction.A multiphase system could be formed by simply mixing the components at ambient temperature,consisting of sands and clays,mixtures of ionic liquid and dichloromethane,and concentrated bitumen *** results demonstrated that[Emim][BF_(4)]increased the bitumen recovery up to 92%.Much less clay fines were found in the recovered bitumen than those formed by using dichloromethane solvent extraction alone,and the dichloromethane residue was not detected in the spent *** proposed that[Emim][BF_(4)]had an ability to reduce the adhesion of bitumen to sand,resulting in an improved separation ***,[Emim][BF_(4)]could facilitate the transfer of the extracted bitumen to the surface interface,and then the bitumen was auto-partitioned to a separate immiscible phase for ease of *** technology circumvented the issue of high consumption of distillation energy due to separation of bitumen phase and low boiling point of dichloromethane.[Emim][BF_(4)]and dichloromethane could be readily recycled through the system and used *** ten cycles,the bitumen recovery remained above 88%.Initial scale-up work suggested that this approach would form the basis for a viable large-scale process.

关键词： oil sands bitumen extraction dichloromethane ionic liquid

Vegetation Changes in Alberta oil sands,Canada,Based on Remotely Sensed Data from 1995 to 2020

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Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2022年第2期4卷 17-32页

作者： Jinxin He Debo Chen Ye Zhan Chao Liu Ruichen Liu College of Earth Sciences Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin130061China Aviation University Air Force ChangchunJilin130021China

There are rich oil and gas resources in Alberta oil sand mining area in *** the 1960s,the Canadian government decided to increase the mining ***,the exploitation will bring many adverse *** recent years,more people pay attention to the environmental protection and ecological restoration of mining area,such as issues related with changes of vegetated ***,the authors used the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images as the basic data sources,and obtained the land cover classification maps from 1995 to 2020 by *** on the NDVI,NDMI and RVI,three images in each period are processed and output to explore the long-term impact of *** results show that from 1995 to 2020,the proportion of vegetation around mining areas decreased sharply,the scale of construction land in the mining area increased,and the vegetated land was changed to land types such as tailings pond,oil sand mine and other land *** addition,three vegetation indexes decreased from 1995 to *** the exploitation of oil sand mining area brings great economic benefits,the environmental protection(especially vegetation)in oil sand mining areas should be paid more attention.

关键词： Alberta oil sands Vegetation changes Remote sensing Landsat

Modeling Effect of Bitumen Extraction Processes on oil sands Tailings Ponds

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2017年第1期11卷 48-59页

作者： Silawat Jeeravipoolvarn Warren Miller Don Scott Louis Kabwe Ward Wilson FSCA Software Khon Kaen 40000 Thailand Advisian Worley Parsons Group Perth Western Australia 6000 Australia Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada

In the oil sands industry, high temperature with the addition of a caustic dispersing agent has formed the basis of the Clark hot water extraction process used successfully on a commercial scale to recover bitumen from surface mined oil sands ore since 1967. Processes different from the established Clark process （high temperature and caustic） have been developed to work at a range of temperatures with or without the use of sodium hydroxide. Large scale bitumen extraction pilot tests were performed with two different extraction processes and large strain consolidation tests were performed on the resulting different railings. These consolidation tests determined the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity relationships with void ratio which are engineering properties that influence the long-term disposal of the fine tailings. They were used in large strain consolidation numerical analyses of storage ponds to predict water release rates and changes to surface elevations that impact storage volumes and elevation of reclamation surfaces.

关键词： oil sands tailings consolidation seepage.

Origin of Unliberated Bitumen in Athabasca oil sands

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Petroleum Science 2005年第1期2卷 9-14页

作者： TuYun J.B.O＇Carroll B.D.Sparks L.S.Kotlyar S.Ng K.H.Chung G.Cuddy StateKeyLaboratoryofHeavyoilProcessing UniversityofPetroleumBeijing102249China NationalResearchCouncilofCanada InstituteforChemicalProcessandEnvironmentalTechnologyMontrealRoadCampusOttawaOntarioCanadaKIA0R6 SyncrudeCanadaLtd. EdmontonResearchCentre9421-17thAvenueEdmontonAlbertaCanadaT6N1H4）

oil sands contain a so-called organic rich solids component (ORS), i.e., solids whose surfaces are strongly associated with toluene insoluble organic matter (TIOM). Typically, humic material is the major component of TIOM. It provides sites for adsorption and chemical fixation of bitumen. This bound bitumen is “unliberated”, and considerable mechanical or chemical energy may be required to release it. In order to establish a correlation between bitumen recovery and ORS content, a few selected oil sands were processed in a Batch Extraction Unit (BEU). Analysis of the middlings and coarse tailings streams from these tests indicated a relatively constant bitumen to ORS ratio of 2.8±0.7. This value allows the liberated-unliberated bitumen balance (LUBB) to be calculated for any given oil sands. The amounts of bitumen recovered as primary froth during the BEU experiments are close to the estimated liberated bitumen contents in each case tested. This observation indicates that the liberated-unliberated bitumen calculation is an important quantitative parameter for prediction of bitumen recovery under specific recovery conditions. Preliminary results indicate that the ORS content of an oil sands may be estimated from the carbon content of bitumen free oil sands solids.

关键词： oil sands bitumen recovery organic rich solids unliberated bitumen

Muddy interlayer forecasting and an equivalent upscaling method based on tortuous paths: A case study of Mackay River oil sand reservoirs in Canada

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第6期47卷 1291-1298页

作者： YIN Yanshu CHEN Heping HUANG Jixin FENG Wenjie LIU Yanxin GAO Yufeng School of Geosciences Yangtze UniversityWuhan 430100China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

Based on the abundant core data of oil sands in the Mackay river in Canada,the termination frequency of muddy interlayers was counted to predict the extension range of interlayers using a queuing theory model,and then the quantitative relationship between the thickness and extension length of muddy interlayer was *** equivalent upscaling method of geologic model based on tortuous paths under the effects of muddy interlayer has been *** muddy interlayers in each coarse grid are tracked and identified,and the average length,width and proportion of muddy interlayer in each coarse grid are determined by using the geological connectivity tracing *** average fluid flow length of tortuous path under the influence of muddy interlayer is *** on the Darcy formula,the formula calculating average permeability in the coarsened grid is deduced to work out the permeability of equivalent coarsened *** comparison of coarsening results of the oil sand reservoir of Mackay River with actual development indexes shows that the equivalent upscaling method of muddy interlayer by tortuous path calculation can reflect the blocking effect of muddy interlayer very well,and better reflect the effects of geological condition on production.

关键词： oil sands muddy interlayer distribution prediction geological model tortuous path equivalent upscaling

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