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Does labor off-farm employment inevitably lead to land rent out?Evidence from China

Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第3期16卷 689-700页

作者： DENG Xin XU Ding-de ZENG Miao QI Yan-bin College of Economics Sichuan Agricultural University Sichuan Center for Rural Development Research College of ManagementSichuan Agricultural University School of Economics Sichuan University

The focus of land economics is on how to decrease the misallocation of resources to achieve an optimal allocation of resources. Both the theories of new economics of labor migration(NELM) and the conclusions of empirical studies reveal that land resources will inevitably be reallocated(e.g., rented out) if the resources of family labor are reallocated(e.g., off-farm employment). However, this study reveals that off-farm employment does not inevitably lead to land rent out. More precisely, this study uses survey data on 8031 peasant households from 27 provinces in China and explores the relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out by describing spatial features and through empirical analysis(e.g., IV-Probit model and IV-Tobit model). The results show the following: 1) There is an indirect relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out regarding spatial area aggregation, i.e., regions with a higher ratio of off-farm employment also have a lower area of land rent out. 2) off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the behavior of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the behavior, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the behavior of land rent out, with the turning point being 55.55% offfarm employment. 3) off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the area of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the area, i.e., there is an inverted Ushaped relationship between off-farm employment and the area of land rent out, with the turning point being 56.22% off-farm employment. This study helps explain why China has a high ratio of off-farm employment but a lower rate of land rent out.

关键词： Rural labor off-farm employment Land rent out Rent out area China

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Maize production under risk:The simultaneous adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit to manage risk

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第2期18卷 460-470页

作者： Shoaib Akhtar LI Gu-cheng Adnan Nazir Amar Razzaq Raza Ullah Muhammad Faisal Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer Muhammad Haseeb Raza College of Economics&Management Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070P.R.China Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad 38000Pakistan

farmers in Pakistan continue to produce maize under various types of risks and adopt several strategies to manage those risks. This study is the first attempt to investigate the factors affecting the concurrent adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit which the farmers use to manage the risk to maize production. We apply bivariate and multinomial probit approaches to the primary data collected from four districts of Punjab Province in Pakistan. The results show that strong correlations exist between the off-farm diversification and agricultural credit which indicates that the use of one risk management strategy leads to another. The findings demonstrate that education, livestock number, maize farming experience, perceptions of biological risks and risk-averse nature of the growers significantly encourage the adoption of diversification as a risk management tool while farm size inversely affects the adoption of diversification. Similarly, in the adoption equation of credit, maize farming experience, farm size, perceptions of price and biological risks and risk attitude of farmers significantly enhance the chances of adopting agricultural credit to manage farm risks. These findings are important for the relevant stakeholders who seek to offer carefully designed risk minimizing options to the maize farmers.

关键词： maize off-farm diversification credit multinomial probit Pakistan

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Childcare,Elderly Caring and off-farm Employment of Rural Couples in China

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Asian Agricultural Research 2019年第5期11卷 19-28页

作者： Ye LI Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples;conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.

关键词： off-farm employment Rural couples Childcare Elderly caring Family collective decision-making

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Self-employment in Rural China:Its Development,Characteristics,and Relation to Income

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China & World Economy 2022年第1期30卷 136-165页

作者： Bjorn Gustafsson Yudan Zhang Department of Social Work University of GothenburgSwedenand Research FellowInstitute for Labor Economics(IZA)Germany Business School Beijing Normal UniversityChina

Changes in the employment structure in rural China were studied with a focus on off-farm *** from the Chinese Household Income Project surveys were used,covering the same 14 provinces from 1988 to *** found that the proportion of adults in rural China with self-employment as their primary form of off-farm employment increased from only 2 percent in 1988 to 11 percent in 2013,with no further increases through *** 1988 and 1995,the rate of self-employment was highest in the eastern region but this regional pattern subsequently *** probability of being self-employed in rural China was higher among married males than among unmarried *** a migration experience increased the likelihood of being *** 1995,self-employed households have had a higher average income than other categories of *** on estimates of income functions,we conclude that the income premium from being self-employed increased rapidly from 1988 to 1995 to become remarkably large when only a few adults were ***,as a larger fraction of the rural population entered self-employment,the payoff from being self-employed has rapidly diminished,although it was still substantial in 2018.

关键词： income off-farm self-employment wage-employment

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Determinants of Household Choice of Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Selected Drought Prone Areas of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region, Ethiopia

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第10期14卷 1375-1392页

作者： Aschalew Aweke Tewodros Tefera Muluken Gezahegn Million Sileshi School of Rural Development and Agricultural Innovation Debre-Markos University and PhD Candidate at Haramaya University East Gojjam Zone Amhara Region Ethiopia RAISE FS Project and REFOOTURE Ethiopia Project Addis Ababa Ethiopia School of Rural Development and Agricultural Innovation College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia School of Agricultural Economics and Agro-Business College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia

The study aimed at identifying the determinants of household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the study based on a total of 384 sample respondents selected using multistage sampling procedures. Furthermore the study employed bivariate Probit econometric model to identify factors affecting household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that households in the study area were engaged in four types of combination of livelihood diversification strategies: on-farm only, on-farm plus off-farm, on-farm plus non-farm, and on-farm plus off-farm plus non-farm with their respective share of 34.9, 11.5, 47.9 and 5.7 percent respectively. The econometric model result showed that wealth, sex, education level, livestok holding, and training were negatively and significantly determined households choice of off-farm livelihood strategies;whereas past erosion hazard and distance to market were positively and significantly determined their choice of off-farm livelihood strategies. On the other hand, wealth, dependency ratio, past erosion hazard, market availability, yield loss/reduction due to drought, distance to credit source, distance to market, frequency of extension contact, and ICT ownership (Radio, TV and/or Mobile phone) positively determine household’s choice of non-farm livelihood strategies whereas access to irrigation and distance to credit negatively determined their choice of non-farm livelihood strategies.

关键词： Determinants Drought Livelihood Diversification Non-farm off-farm On-farm

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劳动力非农就业对粮食生产影响分析——以山东省、河南省为例(英文)

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Agricultural Science & Technology 2012年第7期13卷 1609-1615页

作者：朱琳刘彦随中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所北京1001O1 中国科学院研究生院北京100049

[目的]探讨劳动力非农就业对粮食生产的影响。[方法]对劳动力非农就业对粮食生产的影响方式进行剖析,并采用路径分析方法对山东省和河南省200个县市数据进行检验计算。[结果]劳动力非农就业通过农地利用方式影响粮食生产,与其他因素共... 详细信息

[目的]探讨劳动力非农就业对粮食生产的影响。[方法]对劳动力非农就业对粮食生产的影响方式进行剖析,并采用路径分析方法对山东省和河南省200个县市数据进行检验计算。[结果]劳动力非农就业通过农地利用方式影响粮食生产,与其他因素共同作用于粮食生产的变化;劳动力非农就业通过复种指数变化对粮食生产产生负向影响,通过粮食播种面积比例变化对粮食生产产生正向影响,近期以正向影响为主。[结论]劳动力非农就业对粮食生产正向影响的前提是平原农区机械化发展和粮食生产技术水平提高对劳动力减少替代作用的结果,应促进农地有序流转和规模经营,防止劳动力就业过度非农化带来的农地利用主体缺失。

关键词： Key words off-farm employment of agricultural labor Grain Production Path Analy- sis Shandong Province Henan Province

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