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Gender Differences in Hope and Its Relevance to Depression Symptoms among norwegian Adolescents

Open Journal of Nursing 2018年第2期8卷 157-169页

作者： Britt-Maj Wikstrom Bente Lorentzen Sindre Lorentzen Akershus University-College of Applied Science Norway Department of Public Health Sciences Karolinska InstitutePublic HealthSolnaSweden Akershus University Hospital LorenskogNorway University of Stavanger StavangerNorway

Introduction: Several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Studies suggest that as many as 15 - 20 percent of adolescents in Norway exhibit depression or depression like symptoms. Furthermore, several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Methods: All data utilized in this study were extracted from the norwegian ungdata survey conducted in 2014 among adolescents in Norway. The sample consists of 46,374 observations. Conclusions: The finding of significant differences in prevalence of self-diagnosed depression symptoms among norwegian adolescents, showed females are more exposed. Furthermore, as hypothesized, there is a strong and significant relation between hope and depression, where hope is proxied through expectations regarding the individuals’ future education, happiness and wealth. Based on these findings, we apply hope as an instrument for addressing depression symptoms. Results from this analysis indicate that males are significantly less optimistic for the future.

关键词： Depression Symptoms norwegian cross-national ungdata Adolescents Hope Future Expectations Gender

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