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The role of the Mid-Cimmerian Unconformity on the quality of the underlying Skagerrak sandstone reservoir in the Kittiwake Field,central north sea

Energy Geoscience

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Energy Geoscience 2021年第4期2卷 254-273页

作者： Abdulati Araibi Dorrik Stow Helen Lever Zeinab Smillie Department of Earth Science Elmergib UniversityAlkhomsLibya Institute of Geo-Energy Engineering School of EnergyGeoscienceInfrastructure and SocietyEdinburghUK

The central aim of this paper is to address the role of unconformities in affecting reservoir quality.Do they facilitate diagenesis that leads to either enhanced or reduced porosity through dissolution or cementation?Or,do they have little effect?We have investigated the Late Triassic Skagerrak sandstone reservoir underlying the Mid-Cimmerian Unconformity in the Kittiwake Field,central north sea.There is strong evidence for the development of secondary porosity through the dissolution of unstable silicate minerals,primarily feldspars.This includes the presence of oversized pores,partial dissolution of framework grains,and complete dissolution of grains leaving remnant grain margins and partially filled cores.This dissolution as a late-stage event is demonstrated by the complete lack of compaction effects on the secondary pores and diagenetic products despite present burial depths in excess of 3000 m.These observations,coupled with an absence of systematic trends linked to the unconformity surface in respects of reservoir porosity,feldspar amount and dissolution,and kaolinization,lead to the conclusion that there has been no effect of the Mid-Cimmerian Unconformity on reservoir quality in the Kittiwake Field.There is no evidence for leaching or cementation linked to meteoric water influx either shortly after deposition or following the uplift and exposure,which led to development of the Mid-Cimmerian Unconformity.Instead,we propose that the late-stage dissolution of feldspar and generation of secondary porosity are most likely related to the influx of organic acids and carbon dioxide generated either from thermogenic maturation of the source rock or from biodegradation of oil within the reservoir near the oil-water contact(OWC)transition zone.

关键词： north sea Kittiwake field Unconformity Skagerrak sandstone

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Integration of Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis and 3D Geostatistical Modeling of Pliocene–Pleistocene Delta,F3 Block,Netherlands

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第1期97卷 256-268页

作者： Haris Ahmed KHAN Ali Asghar SHAHID Muhammad Jahangir KHAN Taher ZOUAGHI Maria Dolores ALVAREZ Syed Danial Mehdi NAQVI Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan Plot#18Street#6H-9/1IslamabadPakistan Department of Geoscience University of OsloSem Sælands vei 10371 OsloNorway Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Bahria UniversityKarachi Campus13 National Stadium RoadKarachi-75260Pakistan Department of Geoexploration Faculty of Earth SciencesKing Abdulaziz University21589 JeddahSaudi Arabia Laboratoire de Géoressources CERTEPôle Technologique de Borj Cédria8020 SolimanTunisia Argentina's Geological and Mining Survey Aveneida General Paz 5445Edificio 25INTIGeneral San MartinArgentina

This research is focused on the analysis of the sequence stratigraphic units of F3 Block,within a wave-dominated delta of Plio–Pleistocene age.Three wells of F3 block and a 3D seismic data,are utilized in this research.The conventional techniques of 3D seismic interpretation were utilized to mark the 11 surfaces on the seismic section.Integration of seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation,using well logs,and subsequent 3D geostatistical modeling,using seismic data,aided to evaluate the shallow hydrocarbon traps.The resulting models were obtained using System Tract and Facies models,which were generated by using sequential stimulation method and their variograms made by spherical method,moreover,these models are validated via histograms.The CDF curve generated from upscaling of well logs using geometric method,shows a good relation with less percentage of errors(1 to 2 for Facies and 3 to 4 for System Tract models)between upscaled and raw data that complements the resulted models.These approaches help us to delineate the best possible reservoir,lateral extent of system tracts(LST and/or HST)in the respective surface,and distribution of sand and shale in the delta.The clinoform break points alteration observed on seismic sections,also validates the sequence stratigraphic interpretation.The GR log-based Facies model and sequence stratigraphy-based System Tract model of SU-04-2 showed the reservoir characteristics,presence of sand bodies and majorly LST,respectively,mainly adjacent to the main fault of the studied area.Moreover,on the seismic section,SU-04-2 exhibits the presence of gas pockets at the same location that also complements the generated Facies and System Tract models.The generated models can be utilized for any similar kind of study and for the further research in the F3 block reservoir characterization.

关键词： sequence stratigraphy facies modeling system tract modeling F3 block north sea

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Effects of methyl-,phenyl-,ethylmercury and mercurychlorid on immune cells of harbor seals(Phoca vitulina)

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第12期21卷 1716-1721页

作者： Antje Kakuschke Elizabeth Valentine-Thon Sonja Fonfara Katharina Kramer Andreas Prange GKSS Research Center Institute for Coastal Research Department of Immunology Laboratory Center Bremen

Mercury （Hg） is present in the marine environment as a natural metal often enhanced through human activities. Depending on its chemical form, Hg can cause a wide range of immunotoxic effects. In this study, the influence of methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury as well as mercurychloride on immune functions was evaluated. Two parameters of cellular immunity, proliferation and mRNA cytokine expression of interleukin-2, -4, and transforming growth factor β, were investigated in harbor seal lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to Hg compounds. While all Hg compounds had a suppressive effect on proliferation, differences between juvenile and adult seals were found. Lymphocytes from juveniles showed a higher susceptibility to the toxic effect compared to lymphocytes from adults. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of proliferation varied among the four Hg compounds. The organic compounds seem to be more immunotoxic than the inorganic compound. Finally, for the cytokine expression of methylmercury-incubated lymphocytes, timedependent changes were observed, but no dose-dependency was found. Marine mammals of the north sea are burdened with Hg, and lymphocytes of harbor seals may be functionally impaired by this metal. The present in vitro study provides baseline information for future studies on the immunotoxic effects of Hg on cellular immunity of harbor seals.

关键词： harbor seal mercury lymphocyte proliferation cytokine expression north sea

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Comparisons of Maximum Likelihood Estimates and Bayesian Estimates for the Discretized Discovery Process Model

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Petroleum Science 2005年第2期2卷 45-56页

作者： GaoChunwen XuJingzhen RichardSinding-Larsen DepartmentofGeosciences ZhejiangUniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027China／／DaqingOilfieldExplorationLimitedCompanyDaqingHeilongjiang163712China DepartmentofGeologyandMineralResourcesEngineering NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnologyN-7491TrondheimNorway

A Bayesian approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms has been developed to analyze Smith’s discretized version of the discovery process model. It avoids the problems involved in the maximum likelihood method by effectively making use of the information from the prior distribution and that from the discovery sequence according to posterior probabilities. All statistical inferences about the parameters of the model and total resources can be quantified by drawing samples directly from the joint posterior distribution. In addition, statistical errors of the samples can be easily assessed and the convergence properties can be monitored during the sampling. Because the information contained in a discovery sequence is not enough to estimate all parameters, especially the number of fields, geologically justified prior information is crucial to the estimation. The Bayesian approach allows the analyst to specify his subjective estimates of the required parameters and his degree of uncertainty about the estimates in a clearly identified fashion throughout the analysis. As an example, this approach is applied to the same data of the north sea on which Smith demonstrated his maximum likelihood method. For this case, the Bayesian approach has really improved the overly pessimistic results and downward bias of the maximum likelihood procedure.

关键词： Bayesian estimate maximum likelihood estimate discovery process model Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) north sea

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