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Rising Powers and the Reform of Global Economic Governance:The BRICS and the normative Challenge Ahead

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2020年第1期13卷 135-150页

作者： Silvia Menegazzi LUISS Guido Carli Viale Pola 1200198 RomeItaly

At a time when the liberal international economic order seems under threat,the transformation of global economic governance poses a strong normative challenge to existing international *** recent establishment of new international financial institutions(IFIs)-the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank(AIIB)and the New Development Bank(NDB)-signified a steady process of transformation of the architecture of contemporary global *** rising powers understand,establish and conduct formal and informal rules within new international financial systems is of fundamental importance for the future of world economic order,although not necessarily signaling a decline for the Western-style economic governance and its normative *** global economic governance has profoundly changed in the last decade,the suggestion here is that rising powers'efforts to reshape the current global economic order have often been overestimated and only partially contextualized within the enormous achievements gained from economic opportunities driven by Western *** on the contestation of these different world views,the paper analyzes the approach of BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa)New Development Bank countries to global economic governance within the newly established IFIs,questioning how the normative challenge represents either an opportunity or a threat to the current global order.

关键词： Rising powers BRICS NDB Global economic governance normative challenge

normative reference of standing long jump indicates gender difference in lower muscular strength of pubertal growth

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Health 2013年第6期5卷 6-11页

作者： Louisa Ming Yan Chung Lina Pui Yu Chow Joanne Wai Yee Chung Department of Health and Physical Education The Hong Kong Institute of Education Hong Kong China Department of Health and Physical Education The Hong Kong Institute of Education Hong Kong China

Background: Although the standing long jump (SLJ) is a popular physical fitness assessment, it lacks an updated criterion-reference standard. This study generated the first normative SLJ test data for Chinese aged 8 - 18. Methods: From September 2005 to December 2011, comprehensive physical fitness assessments were conducted on 12,712 school students. The SLJ performances were significantly different between boys and girls (all age groups, p < 0.01). Results: The boys performed better than the girls in each age group. The mean difference increased as the age increased, depicting a prominent variance in muscular strength between boys and girls at age 12, and the variances became larger at age 18. Girls in the 70th percenttile performed similarly to boys performing in the 10th percentile. The onset of muscle strength for boys found in this study corresponded to the onset age of testosterone maturation of Chinese boys investigated in previous studies. Linear regression found age and BMI predicting SLJ significantly for boys and girls, explaining better SLJ results in older boy and the effect of their heavy body size. Conclusions: This study indicated a muscular strength difference between genders during growth and added supporting evidence to the hormonal influence of muscle growth during puberty.

关键词： normative Reference Standing Long Jump Children Adolescent Lower Muscular Strength

Establishing normative Values for the Barnett Balance Assessment-Sit (BBA-SIT)

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Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2018年第2期6卷 56-64页

作者： Lela Rasegan Holly Klein Paige Bell Brandon Bishop Ellen Herlache-Pretzer Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Program Saginaw Valley State University University Center USA

The purpose of this descriptive study was to collect quantitative, normative data for the Barnett Balance Assessment-Sitting (BBA-SIT), a newly-developed dynamic sitting balance assessment tool based on the Barnett Balance Assessment (BBA). The BBA-SIT was administered to a total of 180 participants (30 people in each of the following age categories: 18 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59, 60 - 69, and 70+) who did not have any current balance deficits. A review of normative data collected indicated no variation in the total assessment scores within and between groups. Future research on the BBA-SIT is needed with balance-impaired populations to determine if the BBA-SIT is sensitive enough to identify subtle differences in dynamic sitting balance in individuals with various levels of balance impairment.

关键词： Assessments Barnett Balance Assessment-Sit Balance normative Data

Four Chamber normative Data for Computed Tomography Angiography in the Axial Plane

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2014年第4期4卷 69-76页

作者： Weston Whittington Akil Loli Richard Gerkin Kenneth Desser Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center Phoenix USA

Background: Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is a new and promising type of imaging to evaluate cardiac structure and function. Although it does require injection of contrast material and some radiation exposure, it is much less invasive than conventional catheter based on angiography. It has been already shown to correlate well with echocardiography images, but normative values have yet to be established. Objectives: To publish the first known data on CTA measurements for all four chambers of the heart. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review study of around 3000 patients over a three-year period (2006-2008) from a private cardiology practice in Phoenix, Arizona. Patients were screened for any preexisting conditions that might contribute to abnormal cardiac structures. A “normal” population of 226 patients’ CTA’s was reviewed and 29 different measurements were taken cardiac anatomy. Patients were then categorized based on sex and BMI and the cardiac measurements were compared. Results: The values obtained were similar to already established normal measurement values from echocardiography. There was good correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the sexes. Conclusion: This study serves to establish normative data for cardiac CTA while also proves to show good correlation with already established normative values for echocardiography and justifies these CTA measurements as an alternative means of cardiac evaluation. Further study regarding the variations between data for specific measurements will be addressed in future studies.

关键词： Cardiac CT Computed Tomography normative Data

UBOM-4, a New Scale for Psychic Function and Energy: General Population normative Values and Influencing Parameters

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2018年第4期8卷 390-412页

作者： Daisuke Gotoh Hiroshi Hoshino Kumi Yoshida Yoshiko Akiyama Satoshi Fujimoto Emiko Yoshioka Yumiko Namae Shin-Ichi Niwa Fukushima Prefectural Mental Health and Welfare Center Fukushima Japan Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan Koriyama Institute of Health Sciences Fukushima Japan NPO Society of Utena’s Brief Objective Measures of 4 Axes for Psychic Function and Energy Fukushima Japan Niigata University of Rehabilitation Fukushima Japan Aizu Medical Center Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan

Objective: We introduce Utena’s Brief Objective Measures of 4 Axes for Psychic Function and Energy (UBOM-4), a new brief test battery for evaluating psychic function concerning intellect, emotion, volition, and imagination. To date, insufficient general population data on the UBOM have been collected. This study aimed to establish the normative values for the general population in UBOM-4 and examine the effects of age, sex, and mental health status on the values. Methods: The General Health Questionnaire, 12-item version (GHQ-12) and UBOM-4 were administered to 149 individuals working in or attending professional schools or universities (73 males, 76 females;age: 19 - 65 years). Participants were classified as healthy based on their GHQ-12 responses and psychiatrist interviews. Results: UBOM-4 measures (mean ± SD) were: pulse rate difference (PRD or UBOM-pulse), −0.72 ± 4.31 beats/min;ruler catching time (RCT or UBOM-ruler), 18.42 ± 3.73 cm;degree of randomness (DOR or UBOM-random), 0.94 ± 0.18;mean randomizing time (MRT or UBOM-time), 0.60 ± 0.31 sec. The Baum Test drawings were classified as usual (86%) and unusual patterns (14%). Sex effects were observed for RCT (UBOM-ruler) and DOR (UBOM-random), but not for PRD (UBOM-pulse) and MRT (UBOM-time). Therefore, the normative values for RCT (UBOM-ruler) (males: 17.37 ± 3.25 cm;females: 19.42 ± 3.90 cm) and DOR (UBOM-random) (males: 0.92 ± 0.18;females: 0.95 ± 0.18) should be differentiated by sex. The patterns of the Baum Test drawings were affected by age, with individuals over 51 years showing the unusual pattern more frequently (42%). Discussion: Compared to previous results for healthy individuals, the present results were similar for RCT (UBOM-ruler), DOR (UBOM-random), MRT (UBOM-time), and the drawing pattern, but different for PRD (UBOM-pulse). This difference is probably because PRD is sensitive to test situation habituation, sex of examiner, order of subtests, etc. Thus, PRD (UBOM-pulse) should be meas

关键词： UBOM-4 Psychic Function normative Value GHQ-12 Shared Decision Making

Population normative Data of the Moroccan Arabic Version of Three Components of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group Cognitive Test Battery;with Moroccan Illiterate and Semi-Illiterate Subjects

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2019年第1期8卷 1-14页

作者： Asmaa Oumellal Mustapha El Alaoui Faris Maria Benabdeljlil Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology Specialty Hospital Rabat Morocco Alzheimer’s Day Center of Rabat Rabat Morocco

The aim of this study was to provide normative data of the Moroccan Arabic version of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery and to explore the effects of age, education/illiteracy, and gender on the performance of these tests. One hundred healthy subjects (67 illiterates and 33 semi-illiterates) participated in this study. None of the participants had serious medical, psychiatric, or neurological disorders including dementia. The protocol included the administration of three components of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery;Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI “D”, generating the COGSCORE measure of global function), and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) verbal fluency (VF), word list memory (WLM, immediate recall) tests. All the test scores were not significantly influenced by sex and age. There was no significant effect of education/illiteracy on the CERAD verbal fluency (VF) and Word List Memory (immediate recall) test scores, but a weakly significant (p normative data will be useful for clinical interpretations of the three components of the 10/66 Dementia Research Program protocol in illiterate and semi-illiterate Moroccan subjects with cognitive disorders.

关键词： 10/66 Cognitive Test Battery normative Study Age Education Illiteracy

The Trail Making Test in Morocco: normative Data Stratified by Age and Level of Education

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2018年第1期7卷 1-12页

作者： Asmaa Oumellal Mustapha El Alaoui Faris Maria Benabdeljlil Service of Neurology A and Neuropsychology Specialty Hospital Rabat Morocco Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University of Research: University Mohammed V Rabat. Morocco

The purpose of this study is to design a Moroccan Trail Making Test B;explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT);and provide normative information in Moroccan subjects. Our normalization study was conducted on 348 subjects (156 female and 192 male). The subjects were classified into four groups based on age (18 - 39 years, 40 - 59 years, 60 - 69 years and ≥70 years), and three groups based on educational level (3 - 6 years, 7 - 10 years and ≥11 years). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS. The results displayed that increasing age and decreasing levels of education significantly result in a decreased performance on the Trail A, Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B. Only 229 bilingual subjects among the 348 initial subjects completed both versions of Trail B. There was no significant difference on performance between Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B for these subjects.

关键词： Trail Making Test in Morocco Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology normative Data

Economic Sanctions:A Political,Economic,and normative Analysis

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2018年第3期6卷 152-170页

作者： Rachael Gosnell University of Maryland MarylandUnited States

The use of economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool dates back to the Megarian decree of 432 BC,but has long been *** sanctions are commonly employed by governments as a coercive tool to adjust the behavior of a state actor that is in violation of international behavior norms,yet there remains concern as to the effectiveness of applying economic sanctions and the extent to which sanctions should be *** questions arise regarding both the viability and morality of *** paper will examine case studies to determine the moral,economic,and political impact of imposing sanctions on state *** doing so,this paper will specifically examine the economic sanctions applied to South Africa,Iran,and *** will examine the application of sanctions and the effectiveness in achieving established foreign policy goals,while also analyzing the impact on innocents to determine the ethical implications of sanctions.

关键词： economic sanctions foreign policy normative analysis economic foreign policy tools

Dissociation and disasters: A systematic review

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2019年第6期9卷 83-98页

作者： Fatih Canan Carol S North The Altshuler Center for Education&Research at Metrocare Services DallasTX 75390United States Department of Psychiatry The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX 75390United States

BACKGROUND Dissociation,which is defined as the failure to associate consciousness,memory,identity,emotion,perception,body representation,motor control,and behavior into an integrated whole,has long been assumed to be generated by *** dissociation is a product of trauma exposure,then dissociation would be a major mental health outcome observed in studies of disaster *** some studies have examined dissociation in disasters,no systematic literature reviews have been conducted to date on the *** To systematically evaluate the literature on the association between disaster and dissociation to determine the prevalence and incidence of dissociation after exposure to disaster and further examine their *** EMBASE,Medline,and PsychINFO were searched from inception to January 1,2019 to identify studies examining dissociative disorders or symptoms related to a disaster in adult or child disaster survivors and disaster *** of military conflicts and war,articles not in English,and those with samples of 30 or more participants were *** terms used were“disaster*”and dissociation(“dissociat*,”“multiple personality,”“fugue,”“psychogenic amnesia,”“derealization,”and“depersonalization”).Reference lists of identified articles were scrutinized to identify studies for additional *** The final number of articles in the review was 53,including 36 articles with samples of adults aged 18 and above,5 of children/adolescents under age 18,and 12 of disaster *** articles studied several types of disasters that occurred between 1989 and 2017,more than one-third(38%)from the United *** two studies had a primary aim to investigate dissociation in relation to disaster and none reported data on dissociative *** of the studies used self-report symptom scales;none used structured interviews providing full diagnostic assessment of dissociative disorders or other *** stud

关键词： Dissociation Dissociative disorders Disaster Systematic review Methodology Diagnostic validity Psychopathology normative response Posttraumatic stress Association vs causation