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Selection of suitable internal controls for gene expression normalization in rats with spinal cord injury

Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第6期17卷 1387-1392页

作者： Wei Liu Jie Yu Yi-Fan Wang Qian-Qian Shan Ya-Xian Wang Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education Co-innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNational Medical Products Administration(NMPA)Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology ProductsNantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Nursing The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Clinical Medicine Medical School of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina

There is a lack of systematic research on the expression of internal control genes used for gene expression normalization in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research.In this study,we used rat models of spinal cord hemisection to analyze the expression stability of 13 commonly applied reference genes:Actb,Ankrd27,CypA,Gapdh,Hprt1,Mrpl10,Pgk1,Rictor,Rn18s,Tbp,Ubc,Ubxn11,and Ywhaz.Our results show that the expression of Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp were stable after spinal cord injury,while Actb was the most unstable internal control gene.Ankrd27,Ubc,Tbp,and Actb were consequently used to investigate the effects of internal control genes with differing stabilities on the normalization of target gene expression.Target gene expression levels and changes over time were similar when Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp were used as internal controls but different when Actb was used as an internal control.We recommend that Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp are used as internal control genes for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research.This study was approved by the Administration Committee of Experimental Animals,Jiangsu Province,China(approval No.20180304-008)on March 4,2018.

关键词： geNorm analysis reference genes internal control genes normalization NormFinder analysis reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction spinal cord injury stability of gene expression

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Efficient normalization for quantitative evaluation of the driving behavior using a gated auto-encoder

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022年第3期23卷 452-462页

作者： Xin HE Zhe ZHANG Li XU Jiapei YU College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

Driving behavior normalization is important for a fair evaluation of the driving style.The longitudinal control of a vehicle is investigated in this study.The normalization task can be considered as mapping of the driving behavior in a different environment to the uniform condition.Unlike the model-based approach as in previous work,where a necessary driver model is employed to conduct the driving cycle test,the approach we propose directly normalizes the driving behavior using an autoencoder(AE)when following a standard speed profile.To ensure a positive correlation between the vehicle speed and driving behavior,a gate constraint is imposed in between the encoder and decoder to form a gated AE(gAE).This approach is model-free and efficient.The proposed approach is tested for consistency with the model-based approach and for its applications to quantitative evaluation of the driving behavior and fuel consumption analysis.Simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

关键词： Driving behavior normalization Gated auto-encoder Quantitative evaluation

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A new approach to LST modeling and normalization under clear-sky conditions based on a local optimization strategy

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2022年第1期15卷 1833-1854页

作者： Majid Kiavarz Mohammad Karimi Firozjaei Seyed Kazem Alavipanah Quazi K.Hassan Yoann Malbéteau Si-Bo Duan Department of Remote Sensing and GIS University of TehranTehranIran Geomatics Engineering Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada Center for Remote Sensing Applications Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)Ben GuerirMorocco Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China

The normalization of LST relative to environmental parameters is of great importance in various environmental applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a new approach for LST normalization relative to environmental variables. These included topographic variables (i.e. solar irradiance and near-surface temperature lapse rate (NSTLR)) as well as biophysical properties (i.e. vegetation,wetness,and albedo). The study was conducted in two phases,namely (1) using global and (2) local optimization strategies to calculate the regression coefficients of environmental variables in the partial least squares regression (PLSR) and build the non-linear linking model in the random forest regression (RFR). The RMSEs between actual LST and modeled LST based on the global and local optimization strategies using PLSR (RFR) were 2.202 (0.935) and 0.939 (0.835) °C,respectively. The results showed that RFR had higher efficiency than PLSR in normalizing LST. Moreover,the local optimization method outperformed the global optimization method in terms of normalization accuracy. The results of this study could be very useful in many environmental applications such as identifying thermal anomalies,and surface anthropogenic heat island modeling.

关键词： normalization land surface temperature environmental variables partial least squares random forest local strategy

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Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for qRT-PCR normalization in Tilia miqueliana Maxim

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第10期91卷 2191-2210页

作者： Huanli Wang Lingjun Yan Xi Huang Zhongwei Wang Yuanhao Yue Shijie Tang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing210014China

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)is a rapid and effective approach toward detecting the expression patterns of target genes.The selection of a stable reference gene under specific test condition is essential for expressing levels of target genes accurately.Tilia miqueliana,considered endangered,is a prominent native ornamental and honey tree in East China.No study has evaluated the optimal endogenous reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis in T.miqueliana systematically.In this study,fifteen commonly used reference genes were selected as candidate genes,and the stabilities of their expressions were assessed using four algorithms(GeNorm,NormFiner,BestKeeper,and DeltaCt)in nine experimental datasets.The final integrated evaluation was performed using a comprehensive analysis algorithm(RefFinder).Finally,a target MYB transcription factor gene(TmMYB)was used to verify the accuracy of the candidate reference genes.The results showed that PP2αwas the most stable in tissue set,while RPS13 and SAMCD were optimal for heat and cold stress,respectively.Under waterlogging stress,PP2αand TUB were the most stable genes in the leaves and roots,respectively.EF1αand PP2αwere optimal for drying stress in leaf and root tissues.TUB and ACT7 were the most stable genes in the leaf and root tissues under salt stress.This is the first systematic evaluation of candidate reference genes in T.miqueliana,and it will benefit future studies on expression and functional analysis of target genes in T.miqueliana.

关键词： Tilia miqueliana reference genes mRNA qRT-PCR normalization

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Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for normalization of RT-qPCR Analysis in Developing or Abiotic-Stressed Tissues of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2023年第4期92卷 1185-1201页

作者： Shoukai Lin Shichang Xu Liyan Huang Fuxiang Qiu Yihong Zheng Qionghao Liu Shiwei Ma Bisha Wu Jincheng Wu Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects&Control for Emerging Contaminants College of Environmental and Biological EngineeringPutian UniversityPutian351100China Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas(Putian University) Fujian Provincial UniversityPutian351100China

Loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree that produces fruits with abundant nutrients and medicinal components.Confirming suitable reference genes for a set of loquat samples before qRT-PCR experiments is essential for the accurate quantification of gene expression.In this study,eight candidate reference genes were selected from our previously published RNA-seq data,and primers for each candidate reference gene were designed and evaluated.The Cq values of the candidate reference genes were calculated by RT-qPCR in 31 different loquat samples,including 12 subgroups of developing or abiotic-stressed tissues.Different combinations of stable reference genes were screened according to a comprehensive rank,which was synthesized from the results of four algorithms,including the geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper andΔCt methods.The screened reference genes were verified by normalizing EjLGA1 in each subgroup.The obtained suitable combinations of reference genes for accurate normalization were GAPDH,EF1αand ACT for floral development;GAPDH,UBCE and ACT for fruit setting;EF1α,GAPDH and eIF2B for fruit ripening;ACT,EF1αand UBCE for leaves under heat stress;eIF2B,UBCE and EF1αfor leaves under freezing stress;EF1α,TUA and UBCE for leaves under salt stress;ACT,EF1αand eIF2B for immature pulp under freezing stress;ACT,UBCE and eIF2B for immature seeds under freezing stress;EF1α,eIF2B and UBCE for both immature pulp and seeds under freezing stress;UBCE,TUB and TUA for red-fleshed fruits under cold-storage stress;eIF2B,RPS3 and TUB for white-fleshed fruits under coldstorage stress;and eIF2B,UBCE and RPS3 for both red-and white-fleshed fruits under cold-storage stress.This study obtained different combinations of stable reference genes for accurate normalization in twelve subgroups of developing or abiotic-stressed tissues in loquat.To our knowledge,this is the first report to obtain stable reference genes for normalizing gene expression of abiotic-stressed tissues in E.japonica.The use of the three most s

关键词： Loquat Eriobotrya japonica reference genes qRT-PCR gene expression normalization developing tissues abiotic-stressed tissues

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Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第4期12卷 1134-1162页

作者： Declan Traill Melbourne Australia

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

关键词： Electron Positron Wave Function Solution Electromagnetic Spin Mass Charge Proof Fundamental Particle Properties Quantum Mechanics Classical Physics Computer 3D Model Schrödinger Equation RMS Klein Gordon Electric Magnetic Lorentz Invariant Hertzian Vector Point Potential Field Density Phase Flow Attraction Repulsion Shell Theorem Ehrenfest Virial normalization Harmonic Oscillator

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Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Landscape Architecture Industry

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Journal of Landscape Research 2024年第2期16卷 66-68页

作者： QIU Cuiju Hubei Chenglong Municipal&Landscape Architecture Design Co. Ltd.JingzhouHubei 434000China

With wide application prospects in landscape industry,artificial intelligence technology plays an important role in improving work efficiency,optimizing design,strengthening construction management,and achieving intelligent maintenance.With the continuous development of technology,the application of artificial intelligence in landscape architecture industry will become more in-depth and extensive,which can provid powerful support for the innovation and development of the industry.It is hoped that the modernization process of the landscape industry can be promoted through the analysis on the application and difficulties of artificial intelligence technology in the landscape industry.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Landscape architecture Standardization normalization

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normalization of VIIRS DNB images for improved estimation of socioeconomic indicators

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2021年第5期14卷 540-554页

作者： Man Duc Chuc Tsubasa Hirakawa Hiromichi Fukuic Graduate School of Engineering Chubu UniversityKasugaiJapan Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies Chubu UniversityKasugaiJapan Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies and International Digital Earth Applied Science Research Center(IDEAS) Chubu UniversityKasugaiJapan

Monthly Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)Day-Night Band(DNB)composite data are widely used in research,such as estimations of socioeconomic parameters.However,some surface conditions affect the VIIRS DNB radiance,which may create some estimation bias in certain regions.In this paper,we propose a novel normalization algorithm for VIIRS DNB monthly composite data.The aim is to normalize VIIRS radiance,collected under different surface conditions,to a reference point,so that the bias is reduced.The algorithm is based on the utilization of stable lit pixels as a reference and a nonlinear regression algorithm,to match un-normalized data to the reference data.Experimental results show that the algorithm could improve correlation(R2)between the total sum of nightlights(TOL),electric power consumption(EPC),and gross domestic product(GDP)at both a global and local scale.The algorithm could significantly diminish the seasonal component of un-normalized nightlights radiance caused by snow.The intensified nightlights radiance in sandy regions could also be reduced to a more reasonable range in comparison with other regions.Visual inspection shows that the brightness of snow-affected and sandy regions was strongly reduced after undergoing normalization.

关键词： VIIRS DNB seasonal factors stable lit normalization socioeconomic indicators

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normalization of Hydrodynamic Coefficients in Morison Equation

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China Ocean Engineering 1999年第2期14卷 125-132页

作者： LI Yucheng Professor, the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China

The hydrodynamic coefficients C-d and C-m are not only dependent on the size of slender cylinder, its location in water, KC number and Re number, but also vary with environmental conditions, i.e., in regular waves or in irregular waves, in pure waves or in wave-current coexisting field. In this paper, the normalization of hydrodynamic coefficients for various environmental conditions is discussed. When a proper definition of KC number and proper characteristic values of irregular waves are used, a unified relationship between C-d, C-m and KC number for regular waves, irregular waves, pure waves and wave-current coexisting field can be obtained.

关键词： Morison Equation drag force coefficient inertia force coefficient hydrodynamic coefficient normalization

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normalization OF ISOTOPIC DILUTION ANALYSIS——A NEW PROGRAM FOR ISOTOPE MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS

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Science China Mathematics 1988年第10期31卷 1263-1268页

作者：乔广生 Academia Sinica Beijing Institute of Geology

A new program for isotope mass spectrometric analysis has been made, which can not only correct mass discrimination of spiked analysis but can also calculate the natural isotope ratios of samples from spiked analysis.If we use this program to normalize unspiked analysis, the result will be better than that obtained with conventional methods. We call this method a virtual isotope dilution analysis.

关键词： normalization isotopic dilution analyfis virtual isotopic dilution analysis.

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