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Incoherent scatter spectra from plasma of a 13-moment approximation distribution function

Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第5期51卷 624-631页

作者： XU Bin XUE Kun WU Jian WU ZhenSen School of Science Xidian UniversityXi’an 710071China National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment China Research Institute of Radiowave PropagationBeijing 102206China

The function and physical mechanism of heat flow and the viscous stress in the velocity distribution function expanded by maxwellian distribution are presented. With the introduction of effective temperature Tf, incoherent scatter spectra from plasma for electromagnetic wave in arbitrary line of sight are given. The effect of asymmetry and anisotropy provided by heat flow and the viscous stress on power spectra is discussed. Radar spectra are calculated for different cases of electric field, direction, collision frequency and temperature. The effect of heat flow and the viscous stress on inversion results is analyzed. With a large electric field, the character of non-maxwellian must be considered.

关键词： power spectra incoherent radar spectra Boltzmann equation non-maxwellian distribution function

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Incoherent scatter spectra due to HF heating in the low ionosphere region

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第4期52卷 1112-1116页

作者： XU Bin WU ZhenSen WU Jian XUE Kun School of Science Xidian UniversityXi’an 710071China State Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment China Research Institute of Radiowave PropagationBeijing 102206China

The electron velocity distribution function and the incoherent scatter spectra during ionospheric heating in low ionosphere region are presented with consideration of the elastic collision between electrons and neural particles and the excitation of rotation energy level. The effects of pump frequency and electric fields on the spectra are discussed. With the increase of electric field, the non-maxwellian feature is enhanced, and with the increase of heating frequency, the non-maxwellian feature is weak- ened. The non-maxwellian factor will bring a large error in ionosphere parameters, which must be con- sidered in the inversion.

关键词： incoherent scatter spectra non-maxwellian distribution ionospheric heating

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The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2017年第4期5卷 889-899页

作者： George S. Levy Entropic Power 3980 Del Mar Meadows San Diego CA USA

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

关键词： Faraday Isolator Detailed Balance Second Law non-maxwellian Entropy H-Theorem Statistical Mechanics Perpetual Motion Machine Statistical Symmetry Indistinguishability

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Quantum Statistics in Physical Chemistry, the Law of Mass Action and Epicatalysis

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Open Journal of Physical Chemistry 2018年第4期8卷 81-99页

作者： George S. Levy Entropic Power Irvine CA USA

The law of mass action, based on maxwellian statistics, cannot explain recent epicatalysis experiments but does when generalized to non-maxwellian statistics. Challenges to the second law are traced to statistical heterogeneity that falls outside assumptions of homogeneity and indistinguishability made by Boltzmann, Gibbs, Tolman and Von Neumann in their H-Theorems. Epicatalysis operates outside these assumptions. Hence, H-Theorems do not apply to it and the second law is bypassed, not broken. There is no contradiction with correctly understood established physics. Other phenomena also based on heterogeneous statistics include non-maxwellian adsorption, the field-induced thermoelectric effect and the reciprocal Hall effect. Elementary particles have well known distributions such as Fermi-Dirac and Bose Einstein, but composite particles such as those involved in chemical reactions, have complex intractable statistics not necessarily maxwellian and best determined by quantum modeling methods. A step by step solution for finding the quantum thermodynamic properties of a quantum composite gas, that avoids the computational requirement of modeling a large number of composite particles includes 1) quantum molecular modeling of a few particles, 2) determining their available microstates, 3) producing their partition function, 4) generating their statistics, and 5) producing the epicatalytic parameter for the generalized law of mass action.

关键词： Adsorption Boltzmann Entropy Epicatalysis H-Theorem Heterogeneous Statistics Law of Mass Action non-maxwellian Quantum Thermodynamics Second Law

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Erratum to “The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law” [Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2017 PP. 889-899]

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2017年第8期5卷 1537-1539页

作者： George S. Levy Entropic Power 130 Rockview Irvine CA 92612 USA

关键词： Faraday Isolator Detailed Balance Second Law non-maxwellian Entropy H-Theorem Statistical Mechanics Perpetual Motion Machine Statistical Symmetry Indistinguishability

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