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nobel prize for the artemisinin and ivermectin discoveries: a great boost towards elimination of the global infectious diseases of poverty

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 487-494页

作者： Ernest Tambo Emad IMKhater Jun-Hu Chen Robert Bergquist Xiao-Nong Zhou Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Higher Institute of Health SciencesUniversitédes MontagnesBangangtéCameroon Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Biosciences University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance Communication and Response Foundation(Africa DISCoR)YaoundéCameroon Center for Sustainable Malaria Control Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa Public Health Pests Laboratory Jeddah MunicipalityJeddahSaudi Arabia Department of Entomology Faculty of ScienceAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai 200025P.R.China Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health Shanghai 200025P.R.China WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Shanghai 200025P.R.China Ingerod BrastadSweden

The Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)made a marked transformation for neglected and vulnerable communities in the developing countries from the start,but infectious diseases of poverty(IDoPs)continue to inflict a disproportionate global public health burden with associated consequences,thereby contributing to the vicious cycle of poverty and inequity.However,the effectiveness and large-scale coverage of artemisinin combination therapy(ACT)have revolutionized malaria treatment just as the control of lymphatic filariasis(LF)and onchocerciasis have benefitted from harnessing the broad-spectrum effect of avermectin-based derivatives.The paradigm shift in therapeutic approach,effected by these two drugs and their impact on community-based interventions of parasitic diseases plaguing the endemic low-and middle-income countries(LIMCs),led to the nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.However,the story would not be complete without mentioning praziquantel.The huge contribution of this drug in modernizing the control of schistosomiasis and also some intestinal helminth infections had already shifted the focus from control to potential elimination of this disease.Together,these new drugs have provided humankind with powerful new tools for the alleviation of infectious diseases that humans have lived with since time immemorial.These drugs all have broad-spectrum effects,yet they are very safe and can even be packaged together in various combinations.The strong effect on so many of the great infectious scourges in the developing countries has not only had a remarkable influence on many endemic diseases,but also contributed to improving the cost structure of healthcare.Significant benefits include improved quality of preventive and curative medicine,promotion of community-based interventions,universal health coverage and the fostering of global partnerships.The laudable progress and benefits achieved are indispensable in championing,strengthening and moving forward elimination of the IDoPs.However,there is an urgent n

关键词： nobel prize Artemisinin Avermectin Ivermectin Praziquantel Schistosomiasis Intestinal helminths Lymphatic filariasis River blindness Malaria Discovery Poverty

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A Reflection on the 2017 nobel prize for Physiology and Chinese Medicine

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2020年第11期26卷 867-872页

作者： XING Meng QU Ke-shen HUANG Yu XING Yu-rui Department of Dermatology Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai(200437)China Department of Chinese Medicine Surgery Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai(200032)China Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an(712046)China

Research on the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm in Western medicine is comparable to the study of a day-night rhythm in Chinese medicine(CM),as also focus on the same life phenomenon.By comparing the two,this paper elaborates on the differences between them in their respective issues of consciousness,ways of thinking,research methods and research results.Relatively speaking,nobel prize research has a stronger sense of the problems and concerns about the essence of“what”,while CM focuses on“how a thing functions”.The former mainly adopts experimental and mathematical methods,while the latter primarily depends on observation and understanding.The natural philosophy and natural science eventually lead to the results and the inevitable,quantitative and qualitative differences.Research on the life rhythm in CM should be proposed,scientific problems should be fully grasped,and research should be carried out with the aid of multidisciplinary new knowledge and new achievements through cross-disciplinary studies.On the basis of clinical epidemiological research and experimental research,a systematic review should be made of the human physiology of CM and the pathological rhythm model to explore the regulatory mechanism of time rhythm and create a new theory of time medicine.

关键词： nobel prize Chinese medicine contrast between Chinese medicine and Western medicine

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Milestones in the discovery of hepatitis C

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第37期28卷 5395-5402页

作者： Octavio Campollo Gerardo Amaya P Aiden McCormick Center of Studies on Alcohol and Addictions Antiguo Hospital Civil de GuadalajaraDepartment of Medical ClinicsUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara 44280JaliscoMexico Medical Clinics CUCSUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara 44280JaliscoMexico Department of Hepatology Saint Vincent’s University HospitalNational Liver Transplant UnitDublin D04Ireland

The discovery of hepatitis C has been a landmark in public health as it brought the opportunity to save millions of lives through the diagnosis,prevention and cure of the disease.The combined work of three researchers,Alter H,Houghton M and Rice C,which set the basis for the diagnosis,treatment and prevention of hepatitis C apart from laying the ground work for a new approach to study infections in general and developing new antiviral agents.This is a story of a transfusion-associated infection.A series of clinical studies demonstrated the existence of an infectious agent associated with hepatitis.That was followed by the identification of what was later known to be the hepatitis C virus(HCV)and the development of diagnostic tests.It all preceded the full molecular identification and demonstration of a causal effect.Finally it ended up with the development and discovery of a new class of therapeutic drugs,the direct acting antivirals,which are now used not only to cure the disease but most probably,to eliminate the problem.This work started with Dr Alter H who demonstrated that a new virus was responsible for the majority of post-transfusion hepatitis followed by Houghton M who cloned the virus and developed the blood test to identify those cases that carried the virus.Finally,the work of Rice C demonstrated that a cloned HCV produced after applying molecular biology techniques could cause long-standing infection and cause the same disease as the one observed in humans.

关键词： Hepatitis C nobel prize Discovery Diagnosis Treatment Elimination World Health Organization initiative

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Practical operation and theoretical basis of difference-in-difference regression in science of science:The comparative trial on the scientific performance of nobel laureates versus their coauthors

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2023年第1期8卷 29-46页

作者： Yurui Huang Chaolin Tian Yifang Ma Department of Statistics and Data Science Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina

Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the unbiased estimation on condition that several hypotheses hold,especially the common trend assumption.In this paper,we gave a systematic demonstration of DID in the science of science,and the potential ways to improve the accuracy of DID method.Design/methodology/approach:At first,we reviewed the statistical assumptions,the model specification,and the application procedures of DID method.Second,to improve the necessary assumptions before conducting DID regression and the accuracy of estimation,we introduced some matching techniques serving as the pre-selecting step for DID design by matching control individuals who are equivalent to those treated ones on observational variables before the intervention.Lastly,we performed a case study to estimate the effects of prizewinning on the scientific performance of nobel laureates,by comparing the yearly citation impact after the prizewinning year between nobel laureates and their prizewinning-work coauthors.Findings:We introduced the procedures to conduct a DID estimation and demonstrated the effectiveness to use matching method to improve the results.As a case study,we found that there are no significant increases in citations for nobel laureates compared to their prizewinning coauthors.Research limitations:This study ignored the rigorous mathematical deduction parts of DID,while focused on the practical parts.Practical implications:This work gives experimental practice and potential guidelines to use DID method in science of science and bibliometrics studies.Originality/value:This study gains insights into the usage of econometric tools in science of science.

关键词： Science of Science Bibliometrics Difference-in-Difference CEM PSM nobel prize

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2003年的诺贝尔奖(nobel prize)和艾伯特·拉斯克奖(Albert Lasker prize)揭晓

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生命的化学 2003年第6期 473-473页

作者：黄仕和武汉生物制品研究所

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Ray Wu, fifth business or father of DNA sequencing？

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Protein & Cell 2016年第7期7卷 467-470页

作者： Yu Xuet Yongbo Wang Hui Shen Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China Center for Epigenetics Van Andel Research Institute Grand Rapids MI 49503 USA

The first author, Yu Xue, first read about Dr. Wu in the Sci- enceNet blog written in 2008 by Prof. Yi Rao, an eminent Chinese neurobiologist, who has made a profound and lasting influence on the new generation of Chinese scien- tists, including us. Later, this essay was included in one of his published books, and we carefully read it again during the Spring Festival of 2015. One sentence was quite con- fusing to us, ＂The primer-extension approach developed by Ray Wu （Fig. 1） in 1971, is a key step of DNA sequencing, and deserves a nobel Pdze. At first we had to laugh at this comment and concluded that Prof. Rao must have been drunk or something when writing this, because all textbooks that we had been aware of stated Sanger sequencing as the first and most important methodology. On top of everything the nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to Dr. Frederick Sanger and Dr. Walter Gilbert ＂for their contributions con- cerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids＂ in 1980, and we strongly doubted whether it would make sense to raise such seemingly meaningless sentiment. Also, in the traditional Chinese culture, understanding the true meaning of someone＇s words can be quite tricky. For example, for grant application, a reviewer＇s comment stating ＂this project MAY be funded＂ should be always interpreted as ＂this project can certainly NOT be funded＂. Thus, we con- cluded that Prof. Rao was being sensationalist in his biog.

关键词： Sanger Sequencing nobel prize Human Genome Project Bacteriophage Lambda Founding Father

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The creation of synthetic crystalline bovine insulin

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Protein & Cell 2015年第11期6卷 781-783页

作者： Yeping sun CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101 China

Fifty years ago, a great achievement in life science occurred in China--the complete synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin--which gave Chinese scientists a sense of great elation and pride. Insulin （Fig. 1） is a hormone secreted by 13 cells in pancreas. Before the clinical application of insulin, diabetes was a feared disease that commonly led to death. Insulin has been studied since 1868 when Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin found clusters of cells in the pancreas （Langerhans, 1868）. These were later called ＂Islets of Langerhans＂. Some of these cells were eventually shown to produce insulin. The term ＂insulin＂ origins from ＂lnsel＂, the German word for ＂islet＂ or ＂small island＂（Sakula, 1988）. Frederick Grant Banting, a young Canadian physician first extracted insulin from the pancreas of a dog whose pancreatic duct had been surgically ligated at University of Toronto in 1921, with the experimental facilities provided by Prof. John James Rickard Macleod and the assistance of one of Macleod＇s students, Charles H. Best. Biochemist James Bertram Collip helped purify the extract. For this work Banting and Macleod shared the 1923 nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine （***, 2014）.

关键词： Disulfide Bond nobel prize Shanghai Institute Full Activity Bovine Insulin

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CRISPR/Cas9 from bench to bedside:What clinicians need to know before application?

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Military Medical Research 2021年第3期8卷 450-452页

作者： Zi-Qing Li Chao-Hong Li Department of Joint Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan 250021China Department of Basic and Translational Sciences School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Department of Histology and Embryology Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080China

In October 2020,Dr.Emmanuelle Charpentier and Dr.Jennifer Doudna won the nobel prize in Chemistry for their pioneering work in precise genome editing using the CRISPR technology.Although CRISPR technology has developed rapidly in the last decade,there are still many uncertainties before eventual use in clinical settings.In this mini review,we summarize the current efforts in addressing the limitations of CRISPR technology and future directions.

关键词： CRISPR/Cas9 nobel prize Genome editing Off-target effect Ethical concerns

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Lone Geniuses or One among Many?An Explorative Study of Contemporary Highly Cited Researchers

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2021年第2期6卷 41-66页

作者： Dag W.Aksnes Kaare Aagaard Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation Research and Education(NIFU) Oslo 0608Norway Danish Centre for Studies in Research&Research Policy Deptof Political Science&GovernmentMidtjylland 8000Denmark

Purpose:The ranking lists of highly cited researchers receive much public attention.In common interpretations,highly cited researchers are perceived to have made extraordinary contributions to science.Thus,the metrics of highly cited researchers are often linked to notions of breakthroughs,scientific excellence,and lone geniuses.Design/methodology/approach:In this study,we analyze a sample of individuals who appear on Clarivate Analytics’Highly Cited Researchers list.The main purpose is to juxtapose the characteristics of their research performance against the claim that the list captures a small fraction of the researcher population that contributes disproportionately to extending the frontier and gaining—on behalf of society—knowledge and innovations that make the world healthier,richer,sustainable,and more secure.Findings:The study reveals that the highly cited articles of the selected individuals generally have a very large number of authors.Thus,these papers seldom represent individual contributions but rather are the result of large collective research efforts conducted in research consortia.This challenges the common perception of highly cited researchers as individual geniuses who can be singled out for their extraordinary contributions.Moreover,the study indicates that a few of the individuals have not even contributed to highly cited original research but rather to reviews or clinical guidelines.Finally,the large number of authors of the papers implies that the ranking list is very sensitive to the specific method used for allocating papers and citations to individuals.In the"whole count"methodology applied by Clarivate Analytics,each author gets full credit of the papers regardless of the number of additional co-authors.The study shows that the ranking list would look very different using an alternative fractionalised methodology.Research limitations:The study is based on a limited part of the total population of highly cited researchers.Practical implications:It is concluded that"excellence"understood

关键词： Highly cited researchers Research excellence Big science Citation nobel prize

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A Bibliometric Framework for Identifying"Princes"Who Wake up the"Sleeping Beauty"in Challenge-type Scientific Discoveries

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2016年第1期1卷 50-68页

作者： Jian Du YishanWu School of Information Management Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210032China Institute of Medical Information&Library Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100005China Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development Beijing 100038China

Purpose： This paper develops and validates a bibliometric framework for identifying the ＂princes＂（PR） who wake up the ＂sleeping beauty＂（SB） in challenge-type scientific discoveries, so as to figure out the awakening mechanisms, and promote potentially valuable but not readily accepted innovative research. （A PR is a research study.） Design/methodology/approach： We propose that PR candidates must meet the following four criteria：（1） be published near the time when the SB began to attract a lot of citations; （2） be highly cited papers themselves; （3） receive a substantial number of co-citations with the SB; and （4） within the challenge-type discoveries which contradict established theories, the ＂pulling effect＂ of the PR on the SB must be strong. We test the usefulness of the bibliometric framework through a case study of a key publication by the 2014 chemistry nobel laureate Stefan W. Hell, who negated Ernst Abbe＇s diffraction limit theory, one of the most prominent paradigms in the natural sciences. Findings： The first-ranked candidate PR article identified by the bibliometric framework is in line with historical facts. An SB may need one or more PRs and even ＂retinues＂ to be ＂awakened.＂ Documents with potential awakening functionality tend to be published in prestigious multidisciplinary journals with higher impact and wider scope than the journals publishing SBs. Research limitations： The above framework is only applicable to transformative innovations, and the conclusions are drawn from the analysis of one typical SB and her awakening process. Therefore the generality of our work might be limited. Practical implications： Publications belonging to so-called transformative research, even when less frequently cited, should be given special attention as early as possible, because they may suddenly attract many citations after a period of sleep, as reflected in our case study.Originality/value： The definition of PR（s） as the first paper（s） that cited the SB article （self- citing excluded） has its limitations. In

关键词： Citation history Delayed recognition Awakening mechanisms Transformativeinnovation nobel prize

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