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Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815-1865) and His Contribution to the Study of Cerebral Convolutions in Primates

neuroscience & Medicine 2014年第1期5卷 1-8页

作者： André Parent Département de Psychiatrie et de neurosciences Faculté de Médecine Université Laval Québec City Canada

Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815-1865) was one of the first modern anatomists to pay attention to cerebral convolutions. Born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde), he moved to Paris in 1834 to study medicine, as well as comparative anatomy under Henri de Blainville (1777-1850). In 1842, he accepted de Blainville’s offer to become his assistant at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle and progressively abandoned medicine for comparative anatomy. He undertook a detailed study of brains of human and nonhuman primates and soon realized that the organizational pattern of cerebral convolutions was so predictable that it could serve as a criterion to classify primate groups. He noted that only the deepest sulci exist in lower primate forms, while the complexity of cortical folding increases markedly in great apes and humans. Gratiolet provided the first cogent description of the lobular organization of primate cerebral hemispheres. He saw the insula as a central lobe around which revolved the frontal, parietal, temporal (temporo-sphenoidal) and occipital lobes. He correctly identified most gyri and sulci on all brain surfaces, introduced the term “plis de passage” for some interconnecting gyri, and provided the first description of the optic radiations. In the early 1860s, Gratiolet fought a highly publicized battle against Paul Broca (1824-1880) on the relationship between brain and intelligence. Gratiolet agreed that the brain was most likely the seat of intelligence, but he considered human cognition far too subtle to have any direct relationship with brain size. He argued that a detailed study of the human brain architecture would be more profitable than Broca’s vain speculations on the relationship between brain weight and intelligence, which he considered a monolithic entity. Despite remarkable scientific achievements and a unique teaching capacity, Gratiolet was unable to secure any academic position until three years before his sudden death in Paris at age 49.

关键词： Humans Primates Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebral Convolutions Cerebral Cortex neuroscience History

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The Mathematical and Physical Theory of Rational Human Intelligence: Complete Empirical-Digital Properties;Full Electrochemical-Mechanical Model (Part I: Mathematical Foundations)

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2013年第5期3卷 491-561页

作者： Leo Depuydt Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies Brown University Providence USA

The design of this paper is to present the first installment of a complete and final theory of rational human intelligence. The theory is mathematical in the strictest possible sense. The mathematics involved is strictly digital—not quantitative in the manner that what is usually thought of as mathematics is quantitative. It is anticipated at this time that the exclusively digital nature of rational human intelligence exhibits four flavors of digitality, apparently no more, and that each flavor will require a lengthy study in its own right. (For more information,please refer to the PDF.)

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Boolean Algebra Boole’s Algebra Black Box Theories Brain Science Cognition Cognitive Science Digital Mathematics Electricity and Magnetism J.-L. Lagrange and Partial Differential Equations J. C. Maxwell’s Theory of Electromagnetism neuroscience Non-Quantitative and Quantitative Mathematics Physics Rational Human Intelligence Complete Theory of Rational Thought and Language

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The Mind-Brain Problem Bose-Einstein Statistics, Temperature, Heat, Entropy God and Other Elementary Particles

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Journal of Modern Physics 2020年第9期11卷 1330-1360页

作者： Walter J. Christensen Jr. Physics and Astronomy Department Cal Poly Pomona University Pomona CA USA

The purpose of this research is to apply the Einstein’s principle of relativity to solve the mind-brain problem and to generate all Standard Model Particle masses. Our approach is somewhat analogous to the dualistic idea of Descartes. Instead of a pineal gland, wherein the brain interacts with the mind, we propose during the developmental stages of the human fetus the tiny brain begins to communicate with the smallest structures of spacetime. This interaction occurs as the fetus brain begins to emit thermodynamic low heat energies, which are then absorbed into the smallest structures of spacetime saturating the interstices of the fetus brain. Think of these heat-energies like Morse code instructions. Since these kinds of interaction involve spacetime, with brain matter-energy, and that our main guiding principle is that of relativity, our research resulted in a general relativistic wave equation, wherein the n-valued heat-energies emitted by the brain-field-matrix Bμv, is identified as the energy momentum tensor of general relativity. The spacetime mind-matrix (Mμv) is likewise identified as the Riemannian curvature matrix. Together they form a general relativistic expression given by: Mμv +Pμv M=cBμ<

关键词： Mind-Body Problem Thermodynamics Heat Energy General Relativity Particle Mass Problem Hydrogen Spectra Consciousness God Particle Neuro-Fields Spacetime Mind neuroscience Neurotrophins

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Evolutionary Origin of Politics and Political Evolution: Neuropolitics

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2018年第10期8卷 538-561页

作者： Dingyu Chung Utica Michigan USA

The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of politics is based on imaginary prosocial societies for large-scale cooperation at the beginning of civilization established by large-scale civilized social groups. According to Dunbar, the size of the human brain is adapted to the manageable group size of about 150 people (Dunbar’s Number). A manageable large-scale civilized social group much more than 150 people could not exist sustainably. To enhance group survival chance under such existential group-size pressure, large-scale civilized social groups invented politics for large-scale cooperation based on imaginary prosocial societies which founded prosocial religions of ancestor worship and high gods to enforce prosociality. (In modern times, imaginary prosocial societies founded secular nationalisms with elaborate rituals, monuments, and devotions to enforce prosociality.) This imaginary prosocial society became the foundation for a large-scale social group to establish a civilized social order for large-scale cooperation. Therefore, politics is defined as a civilized social order for large-group cooperation based on a shared imaginary prosocial society to enhance group survival chance under existential group-size pressure. Under politics with civilized social order, all types of large-scale cooperation became possible. In this paper, neuropolitics as the combination of neuroscience and political science is based on the political brain derived from the social brain through imagination and rationality. It explains the evolutionary origin of politics and the political evolution. The political imagination for imaginary prosocial society is derived from theory of mind that generates an imaginary prosocial society to have its own mind in its own imaginary world. The political rationality is derived from the rational brain that generates subjective rationality to defend a political view and objective rationality to create a new political view dialectically.

关键词： Neuropolitics Evolutionary Origin of Politics Political Evolution neuroscience Politics Political Brain

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经典艺术史对进化论美学、神经艺术史和系统论美学的反思与批判

艺术学理论

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艺术学理论 2022年第1期

作者：马修·兰普利

19世纪中后期，随着工业革命进程的不断推进，自然科学与人文学科之间的冲突愈演愈烈，贯穿整个20世纪而延续至今。进化论、生物学、神经科学和系统论等自然科学领域的研究成果对人文领域，尤其是艺术史和美学产生了重要影响。研究者有... 详细信息

19世纪中后期，随着工业革命进程的不断推进，自然科学与人文学科之间的冲突愈演愈烈，贯穿整个20世纪而延续至今。进化论、生物学、神经科学和系统论等自然科学领域的研究成果对人文领域，尤其是艺术史和美学产生了重要影响。研究者有时候严重贬低了人文学科的属性和基本价值，运用自然科学的理念为后者确立研究范式。立足于艺术史的基本事实，批判性地审视“适应性”“模因”“进化树”“系统”等概念的实质及其在艺术和美学研究中的运用，为艺术史寻求独立于科学范式之外的研究方法，努力打破强加于其上的枷锁，成为一项既紧迫又艰巨的任务。对各种科学方法及其艺术研究范式的批判，并非单纯的抵抗行为或者厌恶情绪，而是对于新的艺术与科学研究范式的期待。

关键词：两种文化艺术史进化论适应模因神经科学系统论 Two Cultures Art History Theory of Evolution Adaptation Memes neuroscience Systems Theory

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A Chessboard Model of Human Brain and An Application on Memory Capacity

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第2期4卷 359-367页

作者： Chenxia Gu Shaotong Wang Hao Yu Department of Mathematical Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou China

The famous claim that we only use about 10% of the brain capacity has recently been challenged. Researchers argue that we are likely to use the whole brain, against the 10% claim. Some evidence and results from relevant studies and experiments related to memory in the field of neuroscience lead to the conclusion that if the rest 90% of the brain is not used, then many neural pathways will degenerate. What is memory? How does the brain function? What would be the limit of memory capacity? This article provides a model established upon the physiological and neurological characteristics of the human brain, which can give some theoretical support and scientific explanation to explain some phenomena. It may not only have theoretically significance in neuroscience, but can also be practically useful to fill in the gap between the natural and machine intelligence.

关键词： Memory Capacity Excitation Transmission neuroscience Machine Intelligence

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Scientific Interest of Social Behaviour in Animal Models of Human Diseases

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neuroscience & Medicine 2013年第1期4卷 50-58页

作者： Virginia Torres-Lista Lydia Giménez-Llort Institut of neuroscience Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Medical Psychology Unit Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine School of Medicine Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain.

The overview shows that the scientific interest in social behaviour in mice has exponentially grown in the last two decades in parallel with advances in biotechnology and the emergence of genetically engineered mice. Most of the studies are psychopharmacological or look for the neurochemical bases of social behaviour and its alterations. However, the rol of social behaviour per se is increasing mainly in those research works aimed to model neuropsychiatric and neurode-generative diseases. In fact, at the translational level, the study of social behaviour in murine models is relevant because changes in social behaviour are present in most neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders as well as in other diseases that, directly or indirectly, affect the sphere of social relationships. The consideration of social behaviour in the experimental design of basic and translational research works using murine models may improve the predictive validity of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. The present work provides conceptual description of social behaviour in mice, the tests used to measure it and analyzes its increasing interest, mostly in the area of neuroscience. It reviews the 821 scientific studies (in English) included in the MEDLINE database from 1930 to December 2012. Keywords used for the search where those related to the different kinds of social behaviour (spontaneous or induced) in mice and took into account the diversity of experimental paradigms (dyads, groups, parental relationships, isolation) and the wide spectrum of behavioural tests available.

关键词： Social neuroscience Animal Models Basic and Translational Research Neurodegenerative Diseases Neuropsychiatric Disorders Social Behaviour

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无创伤成像技术能捕捉到自我吗?

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科学技术哲学 2023年第1期

作者：高新民严国红

神经科学不仅成功介入了过去专属形而上学思辨的自我领域，而且发挥经验科学、自然主义和新生的无创伤成像技术的优势，对自指加工、自我指涉效应、神经关联物等做了值得哲学深入反思的大量研究。但借助工具、仪器对被试报告他们经验时... 详细信息

神经科学不仅成功介入了过去专属形而上学思辨的自我领域，而且发挥经验科学、自然主义和新生的无创伤成像技术的优势，对自指加工、自我指涉效应、神经关联物等做了值得哲学深入反思的大量研究。但借助工具、仪器对被试报告他们经验时发生的大脑过程的观察显然不是对自我的观察，充其量是对自我感的观察。怎样从对自我感的研究过渡到对自我本身的研究是当前神经科学的当务之急。在目前乃至相当长的时间内，研究自我及相关问题是不能撇开哲学形而上学的。

关键词：神经科学自我自我感心灵哲学 neuroscience Self Sense of self Philosophy of mind

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Experimental Results on a New Method for Analysis of Heart Rate Variability

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2014年第8期4卷 385-389页

作者： Elio Conte William Giroldini Vincenza Laterza Sergio Conte Maria Pieralice Francesco Casciaro Gabriele De Masi De Luca Antonio Francesco Maria Giuliano Leonardo Mendolicchio Orlando Todarello Department of neuroscience and Sense Organs University Aldo Moro Bari Italy School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics Bari Italy

A new method for HRV analysis is described and experimental results are given.

关键词： Autonomic neuroscience HRV Analysis FFT in HRV Analysis

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What is the purpose of launching World Journal of Neurology?

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World Journal of Neurology 2011年第1期1卷 1-3页

作者： Vincenzo Solfrizzi Department of Internal Medicine Immunology and Infectious DiseasesSection of Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare DiseasesUniversity of Bari70124 BariItaly

The first issue of World Journal of Neurology,a bimonthly peer-reviewed,online,open-access journal will be published on December 28,2011.The preparatory work for this journal was initiated on December 5,2010.The WJN Editorial Board has now been established and consists of 100 members who are distinguished,world-renowned experts in neurology and related specialties(psychiatry,geriatric medicine,and internal medicine)from 30 countries.Our purpose in launching WJN is to publish peer-reviewed,high-quality articles via an open-access online publishing model.In this context,a multidisciplinary journal such as WJN may serve as a unique and useful platform for updated”review”,“mini-review”and”experimental”articles in neurological and psychiatric age-related research that would eventually help promote healthy lives in both adult and older individuals.

关键词： Geriatric medicine Internal medicine Maximization of personal benefits Multidisciplinary journal neuroscience Open access model

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