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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第2期58卷 178-187页

作者： Ya-Nan Liu Yan Li Fu-Sheng Yang Xiao-Quan Wang State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Institute of Alpine Economic Plant Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lijiang 674100 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China

Floral nectar is thought to be one of the most important rewards that attract pollinators in Pedicularis; however, few studies have examined variation of nectary structure and/or nectar secretion in the genus, particularly among closely related species. Here we investigated nectary morphology, nectar quality, and nectar production dynamics in flowers of Pedicularis section Cyathophora. We found a conical floral nectary at the base of the ovary in species of the rex-thamnophila clade. Stomata were found on the sudace of the nectary, and copious starch grains were detected in the nectary tissues. In contrast, a semi-annular nectary was found in flowers of the species of the superba clade. Only a few starch grains were observed in tissues of the semi-annular nectary, and the nectar sugar concentration in these flowers was much lower than that in the flowers of the rexthamnophila clade. Our results indicate that the floral nectary has experienced considerable morphological, structural, and functional differentiation among closely related species of Pedicularis. This could have affected nectar production, leading to a shift of the pollination mode. Our results also imply that variation of the nectary morphology and nectar production may have played an important role in the speciation of sect. Cyathophora.

关键词： Pedicularis nectary nectar pollination reproductive isolation speciation section Cyathophora

Corrections on energy spectrum and scatterings for fast neutron radiography at nectar facility

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Chinese Physics C 2013年第11期37卷 114-120页

作者：刘树全 Bcherl Thomas 李航邹宇斌陆元荣郭之虞 State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology & School of Physics Peking University Technische Universitt Mnchen ZTWB Radiochemie Mnchen RCM Walther-Meissner-Str3Garching 85748 Germany Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics

Distortions caused by the neutron spectrum and scattered neutrons are major problems in fast neutron radiography and should be considered for improving the image quality. This paper puts emphasis on the removal of these image distortions and deviations for fast neutron radiography performed at the nectar facility of the research reactor FRM-II in Technische Universit/it Mfinchen （TUM）, Germany. The nectar energy spectrum is analyzed and established to modify the influence caused by the neutron spectrum, and the Point Scattered Function （PSeF） simulated by the Monte-Carlo program MCNPX is used to evaluate scattering effects from the object and improve image quality. Good analysis results prove the sound effects of the above two corrections.

关键词： fast neutron radiography correction energy spectrum scattering nectar

Weak correlation of flower color and nectar-tube depth in temperate grasslands

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第2期10卷 397-405页

作者： Julia Binkenstein Martina Stang Julien P.Renoult H.Martin Schaefer Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Straße 479106 FreiburgGermany Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands Institute of Arts Creation Theory and Aesthetics UMR 8218-CNRS47 r.des bergers75015 ParisFrance Fundacion Jocotoco Lizardo GarcíaE9-104 y Andrés XauraP.O.Box 17-16-337QuitoEcuador

Aims nectar is one of the most common floral rewards offered to pol-linators by plants.Depending on the plant species,nectar is offered openly or in tubes of various lengths restricting accessibility of this resource for flower visitors with short mouthparts.if attract-ing pollinators that match floral morphology increases pollination efficiency,flowers could profit from signaling nectar-tube depth to pollinators.Since flower colors are important signals in plant-pol-linator communication,we investigated whether and which differ-ent chromatic or achromatic aspects of flower color might indicate nectar-tube depth or whether flower colors facilitate the differen-tiation between flowers with long nectar tubes by means of high chromatic uniqueness.Methods To this end,we collected flower reflectance spectra of 135 grassland plant species.We analyzed flower colors as raw reflectance spectra in principal component analysis(PCA)and in the color space of honeybees.Important Findings The correlation between flower colors and tube depths was weak.From the bee’s point of view,blue flowers had on average deeper tubes than green,blue-green and UV-green flowers potentially allow-ing insects to predict tube depths based on blue color.Spectral purity did not correlate with nectar-tube depth,nor did the chromatic uniqueness of flower colors in the honeybee color space.Dominant wavelength showed a significant but very weak correlation with tube depth.The achromatic green contrast decreased with increasing tube depth as did brightness;thus deep tubes were less conspicuous than shallow tubes.Chromatic components resulting from PCA did not or only slightly correlate with tube depth.Our results illustrate that flower colors may have a certain potential to indicate tube depth,i.***.nectar accessibility,from a bee’s perspective.

关键词： vision pollination efficiency plant-animal interaction nectar tube depth

FLOWERING PLANTS AND ENTOMOPHAGOUS ARTHROPODS IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: A PRACTISE-ORIENTED SUMMARY OF A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第1期9卷 63-74页

作者： Zhizhi WANG Pu TANG Min SHI Jianhua HUANG Xuexin CHEN Institute of Insect Science College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

There is a growing demand for high-quality agricultural products and morecountries have adopted landscape management by sowing flowering plants inagricultural fields as an important branch of conservation biological control.However, there has been less concern over the interactions and trade-offsbetween floral plants and entomophagous arthropods. This paper reviewprogress in pollen/nectar feeding habits of entomophagous insects includingparasitoids and predators which are important natural enemies of crop pestsin agricultural fields. Factors that influence the preference of different guilds of natural enemies are reviewed to guide the selection of flowering plants inconservation biological control practices. Most studies find that floralresources have positive effects on both biological traits of natural enemies andtheir abundance and diversity, and this is believed to contribute greatly to pestcontrol. Furthermore, the potential impacts of floral resources on crop yieldsare also discussed with an emphasis on a guild of entomophagous insects thatprovides both pest control and pollination services.

关键词： ecosystem services flowering plants natural enemies nectar pollen

Broad bean cultivars increase extrafloral nectary numbers, but not extrafloral nectar, in response to leaf damage

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Open Journal of Ecology 2013年第1期3卷 59-65页

作者： Edward B. Mondor Carl N. Keiser Dustin E. Pendarvis Morgan N. Vaughn Department of Biology Georgia Southern University Statesboro USA

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to maximize fitness, by optimizing the expression of costly defensive traits. Broad bean, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, produces increased numbers of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in response to leaf damage to attract mutualistic partners and reduce herbivory. It is currently unknown, however, whether EFN induction is cultivar-specific or is a more general phenomenon. It has also not been determined whether broad beans increase nectar secretion rates in conjunction with EFN induction. We hypothesized that: a) as all broad beans have conspicuous EFNs, all cultivars should produce additional EFNs in response to leaf damage, and b) overall nectar secretion rates should increase with EFN numbers, to attract additional mutualists. We tested our hypothesis by subjecting three broad bean cultivars, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, “Stereo”, and “Witkiem” to mechanical leaf damage. The degree of change in plant traits associated with growth, in addition to EFN induction, was assessed 1 week after leaf damage. Extrafloral nectar volumes were also assessed, every 24 hours, pre- and post-leaf damage. We confirmed our first, but rejected our second, hypothesis. All cultivars produced additional EFNs, but none increased extrafloral nectar volumes, when experiencing leaf damage. Further experimentation is required to determine if energetic tradeoffs limit multiple forms of defense (i.e., EFN vs. nectar induction), or if this alternative strategy is adaptive for attracting and retaining mutualists. Understanding the costs and benefits of EFN vs. nectar induction will provide insight into the evolution of defensive mutualisms between plants and predatory arthropods.

关键词： Broad Bean Defense Extrafloral nectar Extrafloral nectary Herbivory Inducible Defense Mutualism Phenotypic Plasticity Vicia faba L.

Cell number explains the intraspecific spur-length variation in an Aquilegia species

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Plant Diversity 2019年第5期41卷 307-314页

作者： Zhi-Li Zhou Yuan-Wen Duan Yan Luo Yong-Ping Yang Zhi-Qiang Zhang Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Gardening and Horticulture Department Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla666303China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yunnan UniversityKunming650091China

Variations of nectar spur length allow pollinators to utilize resources in novel ways,leading to the different selective pressures on spurs and allowing taxa to diversify.However,the mechanisms underlying spur length variation remain unclear.Interspecific comparisons of spur length suggest that both cell division and anisotropic expansion could explain the changes of spur length,and that hormone-related genes contribute to the process of spur formation.In contrast,little is known about intraspecific spur length variation.In Aquilegia rockii,spur length varies strikingly,ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm.To examine the potential mechanisms underlying spur length variation in A.rockii,we observed cell morphology and analyzed RNA-seq of short-and long-spurred flowers.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at two positions on spurs there were no differences in either cell density or cell anisotropy between short-and long-spurred flowers,suggesting that in A.rockii changes in cell number may explain variations in spur length.In addition,we screened transcriptomes of short-and long-spurred flowers for differentially expressed genes;this screen identified several genes linked to cell division(e.g.,F-box,CDKB2-2,and LST8),a finding which is consistent with our analysis of the cellular morphology of spurs.However,we did not find any highly expressed genes involved in the hormone pathway in long-spurred flowers.In contrast to previous hypotheses that anisotropic cell expansion leads to interspecific spur variation in Aquilegia,our results suggest that cell number changes and related genes are mainly responsible for spur length variations of A.rockii.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of similar floral traits in morphology may be quite different,enriching our understanding of the mechanisms of flower diversity in angiosperms.

关键词： Aquilegia rockii Cell number Columbine Floral polymorphism Intraspecific variation nectar spur

Sexual dimorphism in the alpine butterflies Boloria pales and Boloria napaea:differences in movement and foraging behavior (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae)

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Insect Science 2018年第6期25卷 1089-1101页

作者： Stefan Ehl Katharina Hostert Jana Korsch Patrick Gros Thomas Schmitt Department of Biogeography University of TrierTrierGermany Haus der Natur Salzburg Work group EntomologySalzburgAustria Senckenberg German Entomological Institute MünchebergGermany Entomology Department of ZoologyInstitute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany

Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon in Lepidoptera.It is reflected in differences in life history,behavior and morphology.Analyses of differences in behavior are mostly difficult and time-consuming,especially in high mountain ecosystems.To enhance our knowledge on sexual dimorphisms of alpine butterflies,we performed a mark-release-recapture study on 2 species common in the Alps:Boloriapales and Boloria napaea.We analysed movement and foraging behavior to investigate differences between sexes.Both sexes were mostly sedentary and the movement distances of males and females similar.However,obvious differences in dispersal behavior between the sexes were found in the movement patterns.Three different patterns were distinguished.Most males showed intensive flight activity,but mostly flew only in a limited part of the entire habitat (i.e.,their individual home range)searching for females,whereas females were less flight active and flew only to find places for oviposition or feeding.The third pattern,where individuals flew larger distances,was only observed in a small number of males,which always returned to their home range.Nearly all feeding was observed on Asteraceae.However,males preferred the genera Leontodon and Crepis,while females preferred Leontodon and Carduus.Apart from this sexual difference in foraging,individuals of both sexes were found to be more or less specialised on nectar sources.Flight activity was generally greater in males than females.Therefore,we think that sex-specific requirements in nectar ingredients exist,that is,sugar for the intensive flight activity of males and amino acids for egg production of females.

关键词： foraging behavior mark-release-recapture movement patterns nectar source specialization sexual dimorphism

Unravelling host-mediated effects on hemiparasitic Mexican mistletoe Psittacanthus calyculatus(DC.)G.Don traits linked to mutualisms with pollinators and seed dispersers

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2018年第6期11卷 827-842页

作者： Sandra Rodríguez-Mendieta Carlos Lara Juan Francisco Ornelas Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcalakm 10.5 Carretera San Martín Texmelucan-TolucaSan Felipe IxtacuixtlaTlaxcala 90120Mexico Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de EcologíaA.C.(INECOL)Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351XalapaVeracruz 91080Mexico

Aims While the influence of mistletoe-host interactions on each other’s evolution is well-recognized,the role of interactions between mis-tletoes and its mutualistic pollinators and seed dispersers mediated by host species is relatively unexplored.Methods Here,we examine the effects of host species(Mexican hawthorn Crataegus mexicana DC,black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh.,leather-leaf Mexican oak Quercus crassipes Bonpl.)on flower morphology,nectar production,pollinator visitation rate and female reproduct-ive fitness in hemiparasitic Mexican mistletoe Psittacanthus caly-culatus(DC.)G.Don(Loranthaceae)populations at three different locations.We first measured the lengths of corolla,style,stamen,exerted stamen and anther,the length and width of the ovary and nectar availability for mistletoe flowers in natural populations.Then,we evaluated flower visitation and measured(length and width)and weighed the fruits and its seeds of mistletoes growing on each of the three host species.Finally,we evaluated the effects of host species,location and flower traits on fruit or seed size variation(both as proxies of reproductive fitness).Important Findings We found mistletoes growing on natural hosts P.serotina and Q.crassipes produced larger flowers,fruits and seeds than mistle-toes on cultivated C.mexicana.However,these differences varied across space.The amount of available nectar and hummingbird vis-itation rates in flowers of mistletoes on C.mexicana was higher at the three sites than in flowers of mistletoes on P.serotina or Q.cras-sipes.The effects of host species,study site and floral trait covariates affected significantly all fitness measures,indicating that mistletoes’reproductive fitness is affected differently depending on the host species and their site of occurrence.These host-associated differ-ences in reproduction might have implications for interactions with mutualistic vectors.

关键词： floral and fruit traits hosts hummingbirds local host adaptation mistletoes nectar parasitic plants pollination Psittacanthus

Nutritional, Chemical and Organoleptical Characteristics of Low-Calorie Fruit nectars Incorporating Stevioside as a Natural Sweetener

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2017年第1期8卷 126-140页

作者： Hassan Barakat Abdulaziz Al-Furaydi Abdulelah Al-Harbi Ali Al-Shedookhi Food Science and Human Nutrition Department College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Qassim University Buraidah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Food Technology Department Faculty of Agriculture Benha University Moshtohor Egypt

The study is aiming at preparation of low-calorie fruit nectars for diabetes and weight maintaining approaches as well as consumer satisfaction. Therefore, twenty low-calorie fruit-based formulated nectars were prepared mainly from orange, pomegranate, guava and mango pulps which sweetened with sucrose or sucrose— replaced at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% using stevioside. Primitively, the yield of fresh fruits had been calculated. Consequently, nutritional, chemical and organoleptical characteristics of prepared fruit nectars have been determined. Results indicated that total solids content was in range of 5.57% - 13.20%, 9.90% - 14.37%, 8.25% - 13.27% and 8.25% - 16.50% for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Dependently, caloric value resulted 21.57 to 51.08, 38.31 to 55.62, 31.93 to 51.37 and 31.93 to 63.86 kcal 100 g-1 fw for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Total phenols content [TPC, mg GAE 100 g-1 dw] ranged from 665.12 to 747.41, 1180.42 to 1319.47, 742.54 to 848.27 and 418.01 to 472.42 for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. The antioxidant capacity by DPPH method [μmol TE g-1 dw] ranged from (20.79 to 26.51), (47.13 to 56.56), (60.68 to 69.25) and (8.39 to 13.32) for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Total carotenoids [mg 100 g-1 dw] were the highest in mango nectars ranged from (102.99 to 110.52) in mango nectar with 100% sugar and mango nectar with 100% stevioside, respectively. Anthocyanins content recorded 6.14 mg 100 g-1 dw in pomegranate nectar with 100% sugar, while increased to be 9.01 mg 00 g-1 dw in pomegranate nectar with 100% stevioside. Ascorbic acid [mg 100 g fw] ranged from 23.41 to 27.53, 15.73 to 18.32, 25.72 to 30.87 and 18.07 to 20.98 for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. The results of organoleptical attributes showed no effect of sugar substituting by stevioside on color, odor and mouth feel. The most dramatic effect of sugar substituting had been observed on tast

关键词： Low-Calorie nectar Chemical Nutritional Organoleptical Characteristics

Sugar concentration influences decision making in Apis mellifera L.workers during early-stage honey storage behaviour

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第3期3卷 210-218页

作者： Mark K.Greco Johann Lang Peter Gallmann Nicholas Priest Edward Feil Karl Crailsheim Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of BathBathUK INVERT Group Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK Department für Klinische Veterinarmedizin Vetsuisse-FakultatUniversitat BernBernSwitzerland Swiss Bee Research Institute Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station(ALP)BernSwitzerland Institute for Zoology at the Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz Austria

Decision making in honeybees is based on information which is acquired and processed in order to make choices between two or more alternatives. These choices lead to the expression of optimal behaviour strategies such as floral constancy. Optimal foraging strategies such as floral constancy improve a colony’s chances of survival, however to our knowledge, there has been no research on decision making based on optimal storage strategies. Here we show, using diagnostic radioentomology, that decision making in storer bees is influenced by nectar sugar concentrations and that, within 48 hours of collection, honeybees workers store carbohydrates in groups of cells with similar sugar concentrations in a nonrandom way. This behaviour, as evidenced by patchy spatial cell distributions, would help to hasten the ripening process by reducing the distance between cells of similar sugar concentrations. Thus, colonies which exhibit optimal storage strategies such as these would have an evolutionary advantage and im- prove colony survival expectations over less efficient colonies and it should be plausible to select colonies that exhibit these preferred traits.

关键词： Honey Floral Constancy nectar Foraging Behaviour Decision Making