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natural gas hydrates-Insights into a paradigm-shifting energy resource

能源评论(英文) 2023年第1期2卷 31-48页

作者： Shashika M.Gajanayake Ranjith P.Gamage Xiao-Sen Li Herbert Huppert Department of Civil Engineering Building 60Monash University Clayton CampusMelbourneVictoria 3800Australia Key Laboratory of gas Hydrate Guangzhou Institute of Energy ConversionChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640China Guangzhou Centre for gas Hydrate Research Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640China Institute of Theoretical Geophysics King's CollegeCambridge University CB21STUnited Kingdom

Experts have identified natural gas hydrates,which are found in the shallow seabed and beneath permafrost regions,as an energy source(mostly methane)that is greener than other petroleum fuel resources.With their worldwide distribution and abundance,gas hydrates have vast potential to become the next pillar of the energy industry.Although no entity has established methane extraction from hydrates at a commercial scale yet,extensive laboratory experiments have introduced several extraction strategies.Methods such as depressurization,thermal stimulation,and inhibitor injection are likely to disturb seabed integrity,which may result in catastrophic consequences.However,the CO_(2)replacement method is inferred to be preserving the seabed stability,offering an opportunity to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions safely.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the progress of experimental work in developing methane-extraction methods for gas hydrate reservoirs.Depressurization combined with thermal stimulation can be proposed as a viable methane extraction method based on laboratory-scale experiments,however,a sustainable extraction method is yet to be developed to fieldscale when both economic and environmental perspectives are considered.A handful of field production runs have delivered positive outcomes to establish the exploitability of natural hydrate reservoirs,but thorough investigations and scientific collaborations are needed to develop hydrate accumulations as a commercially viable energy source.

关键词： Unconventional resources natural gas hydrates Methane Dissociation methods CO_(2)replacement

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Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrates production tests in the South China Sea:A review and prospect

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China Geology 2022年第2期5卷 201-217页

作者： Xu-wen Qin Cheng Lu Ping-kang Wang Qian-yong Liang China Geological Survey Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100037China Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 510075China gas Hydrate Engineering Technology Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 510075China Oil and gas Resources Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China

natural gas hydrates(NGHs)are globally recognized as an important type of strategic alternative energy due to their high combustion efficiency,cleanness,and large amounts of resources.The NGHs reservoirs in the South China Sea(SCS)mainly consist of clayey silts.NGHs reservoirs of this type boast the largest distribution range and the highest percentage of resources among NGHs reservoirs in the world.However,they are more difficult to exploit than sandy reservoirs.The China Geological Survey successfully carried out two NGHs production tests in the Shenhu Area in the northern SCS in 2017 and 2020,setting multiple world records,such as the longest gas production time,the highest total gas production,and the highest average daily gas production,as well as achieving a series of innovative theoretical results.As suggested by the in-depth research on the two production tests,key factors that restrict the gas production efficiency of hydrate dissociation include reservoir structure characterization,hydrate phase transition,multiphase seepage and permeability enhancement,and the simulation and regulation of production capacity,among which the hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism are crucial.Study results reveal that the hydrate phase transition in the SCS is characterized by low dissociation temperature,is prone to produce secondary hydrates in the reservoirs,and is a complex process under the combined effects of the seepage,stress,temperature,and chemical fields.The multiphase seepage is controlled by multiple factors such as the physical properties of unconsolidated reservoirs,the hydrate phase transition,and exploitation methods and is characterized by strong methane adsorption,abrupt changes in absolute permeability,and the weak flow capacity of gas.To ensure the long-term,stable,and efficient NGHs exploitation in the SCS,it is necessary to further enhance the reservoir seepage capacity and increase gas production through secondary reservoir stimulation based on initial reservoir stimulation.With the consta

关键词： natural gas hydrates Clayey silt reservoir Hydrate phase transition Seepage mechanism Oil and gas exploration engineering NGHs exploration trial engineering South China Sea China

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Molecular simulation studies on natural gas hydrates nucleation and growth:A review

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China Geology 2022年第2期5卷 330-344页

作者： Zheng-cai Zhang Neng-you Wu Chang-ling Liu Xi-luo Hao Yong-chao Zhang Kai Gao Bo Peng Chao Zheng Wei Tang Guang-jun Guo Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China The Key Laboratory of gas Hydrate Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao Institute of Marine GeologyQingdao 266071China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

How natural gas hydrates nucleate and grow is a crucial scientific question.The research on it will help solve practical problems encountered in hydrate accumulation,development,and utilization of hydrate related technology.Due to its limitations on both spatial and temporal dimensions,experiment cannot fully explain this issue on a micro-scale.With the development of computer technology,molecular simulation has been widely used in the study of hydrate formation because it can observe the nucleation and growth process of hydrates at the molecular level.This review will assess the recent progresses in molecular dynamics simulation of hydrate nucleation and growth,as well as the enlightening significance of these developments in hydrate applications.At the same time,combined with the problems encountered in recent hydrate trial mining and applications,some potential directions for molecular simulation in the research of hydrate nucleation and growth are proposed,and the future of molecular simulation research on hydrate nucleation and growth is prospected.

关键词： natural gas hydrates Methane hydrate Molecular simulations Hydrate nucleation Hydrate growth Hydrate formation Nucleation theory NGHs exploration trial engineering Oil and gas exploration engineering

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Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

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China Geology 2021年第2期4卷 299-310页

作者： Jian-ming Gong Jing Liao Yu-xi Zhang Jie Liang Jian-wen Chen Nuzhat Khan Syed Waseem Haider Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology China Geological SurveyQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266071China National Institute of Oceanography ST-47Block-1CliftonKarachi-75600Pakistan

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates(NGH)in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan,this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations(S2 and S3)in the area by the China Geological Survey.As shown by testing results,all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO2 and CaO.This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr,Ni and Zn secondarily.It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance,which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite.Besides terrigenous detritus,there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part.The V/Cr,Ni/Co,and V/(V+Ni)ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment.However,the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered.The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter,with total organic carbon(TOC)content greater than 1%.According to comprehensive research,the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content,which is favorable for the formation of NGH.

关键词： Characteristics of major and trace elements natural gas hydrates Marine algae Total organic carbon Makran Accretionary Prism NGH exploration trial engineering Arabian Sea Pakistan

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Effects of creep characteristics of natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments on wellbore stability

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Petroleum Science 2022年第1期19卷 220-233页

作者： Yang Li Yuan-Fang Cheng Chuan-Liang Yan Zhi-Yuan Wang Li-Fang Song School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)66 West Changjiang RoadHuangdao DistrictQingdao 266000China

natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs consist of the types of sediments with weak cementation,low strength,high plasticity,and high creep.Based on the kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics of NGH decomposition,herein a heat-fluid-solid coupling model was established for studying the wellbore stability in an NGH-bearing formation to analyze the effects of the creep characteristics of NGH-bearing sediments during long-term drilling.The results demonstrated that the creep characteristics of sediments resulted in larger plastic yield range,thus aggravating the plastic strain accumulation around the wellbore.Furthermore,the creep characteristics of NGH-bearing sediments could enhance the effects induced by the difference in horizontal in situ stress,as a result,the plastic strain in the formation around the wellbore increased nonlinearly with increasing difference in in situ stress.The lower the pore pressure,the greater the stress concentration effects and the higher the plastic strain at the wellbore.Moreover,the lower the initial NGH saturation,the greater the initial plastic strain and yield range and the higher the equivalent creep stress.The plastic strain at the wellbore increased nonlinearly with decreasing initial saturation.

关键词： natural gas hydrates Wellbore stability Creep Plastic yield

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Evaluation of natural gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea by combining volumetric and trend-analysis methods

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Petroleum Science 2022年第1期19卷 37-47页

作者： Xing-Wen Zhang Tao Hu Xiong-Qi Pang Yao Hu Tong Wang En-Ze Wang Zhi Xu Xiao-Han Liu Zhuo-Ya Wu Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China CNOOC International Limited Beijing 100029China School of Earth&Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Company LimitedBeijing 100083China

natural gas hydrate(NGH),considered as a type of premium energy alternative to conventional hydrocarbons,has been broadly studied.The estimate of the total NGH resources in the world has decreased by more than 90%since the first evaluation in 1973.Geographic and geophysical conditions of the South China Sea(SCS)are favorable for the formation of NGH,which has been proved by drilling results up to date.The recoverability of the NGH in the SCS has been confirmed by the production tests using both vertical and horizontal wells.Since 2001,35 estimates of NGH resources in the SCS have been made,with relatively stable results varying between 600 and 900×109 ton oil equivalent.In these estimations,the volumetric method was commonly adopted,but the geological conditions,the migration-accumulation mechanisms of NGH,and the practical recoverability were not considered.These estimates cannot be regarded as evaluated resources according to the international resource evaluation standards,but are at most about prospective gas content of NGH,thus inefficient for guiding explorations and developments.To solve these problems,this study divides the past NGH surveys in the SCS into seven stages,acquires key geological parameters of every stage based on previous studies and analogy with other areas,evaluates the NGH resources of these seven stages by using the volumetric method,then adopts a new trend-analysis method to simulate the downward trend of these estimates,and finally predicts the NGH resources in the SCS at 2025 and 2030.The downward trend is because of the continuous improvement of NGH understanding over time,which is consistent with the trend of global NGH estimates.At the present stage(from 2019 to 2021),the average technically recoverable resource(ATRR)is 7.0×10^(12)m^(3),and the estimates of 2025 and 2030 ATRR are 6.46×10^(12)m^(3) and 4.01×10^(12)m^(3)respectively,with a difference of less than 40%.Therefore,it can be inferred that the ATRR of NGH in the SCS is between 4.0 and 6.5×10^(12)m^(3),with an average of 5.2

关键词： Resource evaluation natural gas hydrates The South China Sea Volumetric method Trend-analysis method

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Design and feasibility analysis of a new completion monitoring technical scheme for natural gas hydrate production tests

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China Geology 2023年第3期6卷 466-475页

作者： Qiu-ping Lu Yan-jiang Yu Xie Wen-wei Jin-qiang Liang Jing-an Lu Ben-chong Xu Hao-xian Shi Hao-yu Yu Ru-lei Qin Xing-chen Li Bin Li Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 510075China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China Institute of Exploration Techniques China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesLangfang 065000China

As a prerequisite and a guarantee for safe and efficient natural gas hydrates(NGHs)exploitation,it is imperative to effectively determine the mechanical properties of NGHs reservoirs and clarify the law of the change in the mechanical properties with the dissociation of NGHs during NGHs production tests by depressurization.Based on the development of Japan’s two offshore NGHs production tests in vertical wells,this study innovatively proposed a new subsea communication technology-accurate directional connection using a wet-mate connector.This helps to overcome the technical barrier to the communication between the upper and lower completion of offshore wells.Using this new communication technology,this study explored and designed a mechanical monitoring scheme for lower completion(sand screens).This scheme can be used to monitor the tensile stress and radial compressive stress of sand screens caused by NGHs reservoirs in real time,thus promoting the technical development for the rapid assessment and real-time feedback of the in-situ mechanical response of NGHs reservoirs during offshore NGHs production tests by depressurization.

关键词： natural gas hydrates Depressurization test Wet-mate Directional connection Lower completion monitoring In-situ mechanical response of reservoirs Oil-gas exploration engineering The South China Sea

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Analysis of physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing unconsolidated sediment samples from the ultra-deepwater area in the South China Sea

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Frontiers in Energy 2022年第3期16卷 509-520页

作者： Xin Lyu Qingping Li Yang Ge Min Ouyang Hexing Liu Qiang Fu Junlong Zhu Shouwei Zhou China National Offshore Oil Corporation Research Institute Co.Ltd. Beijing 100028China State Key Laboratory of natural gas Hydrate Beijing100028China Zhanjiang Branch of China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC)Limited Zhanjiang524057China China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC) Beijing100021China

Marine natural gas hydrate has recently attracted global attention as a potential new clean energy source. Laboratory measurements of various physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments can provide valuable information for developing efficient and safe extraction technology of natural gas hydrates. This study presents comprehensive measurement results and analysis of drilled hydrate-bearing sediments samples recovered from Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea. The results show that the gas hydrate in the core samples is mainly methane hydrate with a methane content of approximately 95%, and the other components are ethane and carbon dioxide. The saturation of the samples fluctuates from 2%–60%, the porosity is approximately 38%–43%, and the water content is approximately 30%–50%, which indicate that high water saturation means that timely drainage should be paid attention to during hydrate extraction. In addition, the median diameter of the sediment samples is mainly distributed in the range of 15 to 34 µm, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of sand production in the mining process. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is distributed in the range of 0.75 to 0.96 W/(m·K) as measured by the flat plate heat source method. The relatively low thermal conductivity of hydrates at this study site indicates that a combined approach is encouraged for natural gas production technologies. It is also found that clay flakes and fine particles are attached to the surface of large particles in large numbers. Such characteristics will lead to insufficient permeability during the production process.

关键词： natural gas hydrates physical properties analysis hydrate-bearing sediments

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Initial estimation of hydrate formation temperature of sweet natural gases based on new empirical correlation

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Journal of natural gas Chemistry 2012年第5期21卷 508-512页

作者： Mohammad Mahdi Ghiasi Petroleum University of Technology Ahwaz Faculty of PetroleumPost Box:63431AhwazIran

Production,processing and transportation of natural gases can be significantly affected by clathrate hydrates.Knowing the gas analysis is crucial to predict the right conditions for hydrate formation.Nevertheless,Katz gas gravity method can be used for initial estimation of hydrate formation temperature （HFT） under the circumstances of indeterminate gas composition.So far several correlations have been proposed for gas gravity method,in which the most accurate and reliable one has belonged to Bahadori and Vuthaluru.The main objective of this study is to present a simple and yet accurate correlation for fast prediction of sweet natural gases HFT based on the fit to Katz gravity chart.By reviewing the error analysis results,one can discover that the new proposed correlation has the best estimation capability among the widely accepted existing correlations within the investigated range.

关键词： natural gas hydrates hydrate formation temperature gas gravity method empirical correlation

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Identification of functionally active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

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China Geology 2022年第2期5卷 285-292页

作者： Jing Li Chang-ling Liu Neng-you Wu Xiao-qing Xu Gao-wei Hu Yan-long Li Qing-guo Meng Key Laboratory of gas Hydrate Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao Institute of Marine GeologyQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China College of Marine Life Science Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China

Large amounts of gas hydrate are distributed in the northern slope of the South China Sea,which is a potential threat of methane leakage.Aerobic methane oxidation by methanotrophs,significant methane biotransformation that occurs in sediment surface and water column,can effectively reduce atmospheric emission of hydrate-decomposed methane.To identify active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area in the South China Sea,multi-day enrichment incubations were conducted in this study.The results show that the methane oxidation rates in the studied sediments were 2.03‒2.36μmol/gdw/d,which were higher than those obtained by sediment incubations from other areas in marine ecosystems.Thus the authors suspect that the methane oxidation potential of methanotrophs was relatively higher in sediments from the Shenhu Area.After the incubations family Methylococcaea(type I methanotrophs)mainly consisted of genus Methylobacter and Methylococcaea_Other were predominant with an increased proportion of 70.3%,whereas Methylocaldum decreased simultaneously in the incubated sediments.Collectively,this study may help to gain a better understanding of the methane biotransformation in the Shenhu Area.

关键词： Active methanotrophs Aerobic methane oxidation Marine sediments natural gas hydrates NGHs exploration trial engineering Oil and gas exploration engineering Shenhu Area South China Sea

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