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Alternative stable states in mountain forest ecosystems： the case of European larch(Larix decidua) forests in the western Alps

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第5期14卷 811-822页

作者： Jose V.MORIS Giorgio VACCHIANO Davide ASCOLI Renzo MOTTA University of Turin DISAFALargo Paolo Braccini 210095 Grugliasco(TO)Italy

European larch(Larix decidua) forests of the western Alps form extensivecultural landscapes whose resilience to global changes is currently unknown. Resilience describes the capacity of ecological systems to maintain the same state, i.e., the same function, processes, structure, and composition despite disturbances, environmental changes and internal fluctuations. Our aim is to explore the resilience of larch forests to changes in climate and land use in the western Italian *** do so, we examined whether larch forests can be described as an alternative stable state in mountain forest ecosystems. We used tree basal area data obtained from field forest inventories in combination with topography, forest structure, land use, and climate information. We applied three different probabilistic methods: frequency distributions, logistic regressions, and potential analyses to infer the resilience of larch forests relative to that of other forest *** found patters indicative of alternative stable states: bimodality in the frequency distribution of the percent of larch basal area, and the presence of an unstable state, i.e., mixed larch forests, in the potential analyses. We also found:(1) high frequency ofpurelarchforestsathighelevation,(2)the probability of pure larch forests increased mostly with elevation, and(3) pure larch forests were a stable state in the upper montane and subalpine *** study shows that the resilience of larch forests may increase with elevation, most likely due to the altitudinal effect on climate. Under the same climate conditions, land use seems to be the main factor governing the dominance of larch forests. In fact, subalpine larch forests may be more resilient, and natural succession after land abandonment, e.g., towards Pinuscembra forests, seems slower than in montane larch forests. In contrast, in the upper montane belt only intense land use regimes characterized by open canopies and forest grazing may maintain larch *** con

关键词： Resilience Ecosystem bistability Elevation Land use natural succession Pinuscembra European larch

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Impact of vegetation succession on leaf-litter-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their intrinsic relationship in the Ziwuling Area of China’s Loess Plateau

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第2期32卷 697-711页

作者： Zongfei Wang Fenli Zheng State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Acad Sci&Minist Water ResourcesYangling 712100ShaanxiPeople’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiPeople’s Republic of China

Long-term natural vegetation succession plays a substantial role in the accumulation and distribution of plant and soil C:N:P ***,how plant and soil C:N:P relationships or ratios change along with successional stages over a century in the severely eroded areas remain *** were measured over a 100-year natural succession in five successional stages from annual grasses to climax *** results show that natural succession had significant effects on carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorous(P)concentrations in leaf-litter-soil and their ratios in severely eroded *** concentrations and N:P ratios in leaf and litter increased from annual grasses to the shrub stage and then decreased in the late successional forest *** P levels decreased from annual grasses to shrub stages and did not significantly change during late successional *** P concentration decreased in the early successional stages and increased during late successional stages,with no overall significant *** C and N concentrations and C:N,C:P and N:P ratios increased with successional *** C and N concentrations decreased with the increasing soil *** were significantly different between any successional stages and controls(cropland)in the upper 10 cm and 10–20 cm soil *** N:P ratios may be used to indicate nutrient limitations and this study suggests that plant growth during the grass stages was limited by N,during the shrub stage,by P,and during the forest stages,by both of N and *** addition,there were close correlations between litter and leaf C:N:P ratios,soil and litter C and N levels,and C:P and N:P *** results show that long-term natural vegetation succession is effective in restoring degraded soil properties and improving soil fertility,and provide insights into C:N:P relationships of leaf,litter and soil influenced by vegetation succession stage.

关键词： Ecological stoichiometry Leaf-litter-soil Loess Platea natural succession Nutrient elements

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Sahel Afforestation and Simulated Risks of Heatwaves and Flooding Versus Ecological Revegetation That Combines Planting and succession

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第2期10卷 94-108页

作者： Lorenz Huebner Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi Oliver Branch Heman A. A. Gaznayee Flensburg Germany Petroleum and Mining Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Tishk International University Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq Institute of Physics and Meteorology University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany Department of Forestry College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences Salahaddin University Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq

Studies simulating the large-scale afforestation of the African Sahel constantly find warning signals of increased risk of extreme temperatures and heatwaves resulting from changes in albedo and latent heat flow. We review the afforestation measures underlying three simulation studies, together with a restoration model in which compartments are formed by greenbelts to enable succession of savanna vegetation, protected from hot wind and drought. Savanna-like vegetation (around 20% woody plants) will show bright reflective surface and drying of leaves during dry season rather than constant green color, with very different impact on albedo and temperatures. We derive that the simulated risks of extreme heat and flooding from rain will strongly depend on species, shape and density of the new vegetation. Ecological restoration concepts are expected to mitigate or prevent such restoration related climatic risks. Compact afforestation of the Sahel does not appear to be necessary or feasible. A restoration model based on compartmentalization and the protected succession of diverse, climatically adaptable vegetation could also be used in populated drylands, as a sustainable and temperature balancing solution to desertification.

关键词： Extreme Heat Vegetational Compartments natural succession Dryland Restoration Savanna Vegetation Sahel Climate Simulation

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