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Evaluating the Importance of Environmental Variables on Spatial Distribution of Caspian cobra naja oxiana(Eichwald, 1831) in Iran

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Asian Herpetological Research 2019年第2期10卷 129-138页

作者： Elmira KAZEMI Mohammad KABOLI Rasoul KHOSRAVI Nematollah KHORASANI Department of Environment Faculty of Natural Recources and EnvironmentScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of TehranKarajIran Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering School of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran

Over recent years, the population of Caspian cobra naja oxiana has declined in its distribution range in Iran due to habitat destruction and overhunting. Consequently, their small and isolated populations in fragmented landscapes are facing genetic and demographic threats. Evaluating the spatial distribution pattern of naja oxiana, identifying core habitat patches and improving landscape connectivity among the patches have a significant role in the long-term survival of the species. This study predicts the spatial distribution map of the Caspian cobra considering the factors affecting the predictive power of the distribution models, including sampling bias in presence points, correct selection of background locations, and input model parameters. The sampling bias in presence points was removed using spatial filtering. Several models were run using 19 environmental variables that eventually led to the selection of the effective habitat variables and best MaxEnt distribution model. We also used an ensemble model(EM) of habitat suitability methods to predict the potential habitats of the species. Topographical roughness, shrublands, average annual precipitation, and sparse rangeland with a density of ≤ 20% had the most effect on the spatial distribution of Caspian cobra. The evaluation of models confirmed that the EM has more predictive performance than MaxEnt in predicting the distribution of naja oxiana.

关键词： naja oxiana MaxEnt habitat suitability landscape connectivity distribution modelling

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Identifying Intraspecific Variation in Venom Yield of Chinese Cobra(naja atra) from Ten Populations in China's Mainland

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Asian Herpetological Research 2019年第1期10卷 32-40页

作者： Jianfang GAO Yin YIN Yanfu QU Jin WANG Longhui LIN Hongliang LU Xiang JI Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University

Detailed information on venom yield is helpful in preparing antivenoms and treating snakebites, but such information is lacking for many species of venomous snakes. The Chinese cobra(naja atra) is a large sized, venomous snake commonly found in southeastern China, where it causes a heavy burden of snakebites. To examine the effects of various factors(morphology, sex, age, season, and geographical origin) on the venom yield in this snake, we collected venom samples of 446 individuals(426 adults and 20 neonates) from 10 populations of N. atra over an eightyear period. We used two variables, lyophilized venom mass(venom yield) and solid content of venom(% solids), to quantify the venom yield. We used linear regression analysis to check if venom yield was related to morphological factors, one-way ANOVA and one-way ANCOVA to detect the sexual, ontogenetic, and geographic variation in venom yield, and repeated-measures ANOVA to examine seasonal shifts in venom yield. Our results indicate that venom yield of N. atra is positively related to the morphological traits examined, with male snakes expelling more venom than females. Venom yield in N. atra was age-related, with elder snakes always expelling more venom than younger ones. Geographic variation in venom yield was also observed, while seasonal variation was not. The solid content of venom was lower in males than in females, but this was not related to morphology, season, age, or geography. Our findings suggest that venom yield in N. atra is influenced by multiple factors, as well as by the interactions among these factors.

关键词： naja atra venom yield intraspecific variation snakebite

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Antihaemolytic and snake venom neutralizing effect of some Indian medicinal plants

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第9期4卷 743-747页

作者： Chidambaram Kumarapppan Albert Iaswanth Karpagam Kumarasunderi Department of Life Sciences.International Medical University Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Pharmacology Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.Tamilnadn.India

Objective:To validate traditional claims of usefulness of the Indian plants in management of poisonous snakebite and evaluate the antivenom properties displayed bv the alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata（***）,Crutera magna（***）.Gloriosa superba （***） and Hydrocotyle javanica（***）.Methods:These plants were collected, identified and the extracts were prepared bv using conventional Soxhlet ethanol extraction *** venom neutralization activity was accessed in mice（20-25g） and number of mortalities was observed against clinically important snake（naja nigricollis） *** study also deals with in vitro membrane stabilizing activity of these plants against hyposaline induced human red blood corpuscles（HRBC）.Results:Extracts of *** and *** gave 80%and 90%protection to mice treated with minimum lethal dose of venom(LD99).These two plants showed significant neutralization effect against the venoms of naja nigricollis venom.H. javanica and ***（25-100 mg/ml.） produced significant changes of membrane stabilization of human red blood cells（HRBC） exposed to hyposaline-induced ***:We conclude that probably due to presence of various phytochemicals plays an important role in the anti-venom potential of these Indian medicinal plants against naja nigricollis *** above observations confirmed ***,G,*** and *** plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used as an adjuvants for antivenin therapy in case of snakebite *** against the local effects of cobra venoms.

关键词： Antivenom activity naja nigricollis hemolysis neutralization Indian medicinal plants

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中华眼镜蛇蛇毒治疗免疫衰老的药效研究

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热带医学杂志 2013年第10期13卷 1193-1198,1241,F0004页

作者：祝佳丽易琳秦正红苏州大学药学院衰老与神经疾病实验室江苏苏州215123 苏州大学药学院药学系江苏苏州215123

目的将中华眼镜蛇(naja naja atra)蛇毒加热变性,研究变性蛇毒治疗免疫衰老的药效。方法 C57BL/6小鼠灌胃给予蛇毒,每日1次。期间拍照观察蛇毒对小鼠皮肤毛发的影响;用Y迷宫电刺激测试研究蛇毒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响;用小鼠转轮式疲... 详细信息

目的将中华眼镜蛇(naja naja atra)蛇毒加热变性,研究变性蛇毒治疗免疫衰老的药效。方法 C57BL/6小鼠灌胃给予蛇毒,每日1次。期间拍照观察蛇毒对小鼠皮肤毛发的影响;用Y迷宫电刺激测试研究蛇毒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响;用小鼠转轮式疲劳仪研究蛇毒对小鼠运动耐力水平的影响;1年后处死小鼠,脏器称重计算脏器指数;全血及血清送医院检查研究蛇毒对小鼠血常规和血液生化功能的影响;免疫器官及心脏、肾脏、皮肤HE染色观察蛇毒对小鼠脏器病理变化的影响。结果蛇毒(30μg/kg)和蛇毒(100μg/kg)均明显改善C57BL/6小鼠脱毛现象;显著提高其学习记忆能力和运动耐力;给药组血常规和生化指标尤其是免疫相关指标显著优于正常对照组;病理学观察发现给药组器官结构尤其是免疫器官退化与炎症反应显著轻于对照组。结论加热变性的中华眼镜蛇蛇毒长期口服给药有延缓衰老尤其是免疫衰老的作用。

关键词：中华眼镜蛇(naja naja atra)蛇毒免疫衰老免疫调节

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