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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2023年第9期30卷 1854-1861页

作者： Shou-hui Li Jing Li Jie Zhang Cheng-bin Shi State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

Two ingots of 4Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with different NITROGEN contents,0.023 and 0.121 mass%,were produced by vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting.The microstructure and the microsegregation of the electroslag remelting ingot were analyzed by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis.Thermo-Calc software was used to calculate the NITROGEN solubility changes during solidification of high NITROGEN martensitic stainless steel and the equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase diagrams of 4Cr13 steel with different NITROGEN contents.The solubility of NITROGEN in 4Cr13 steel reached the lowest value of 0.118%before the start of the peritectic reaction.The microstructure of 4Cr13 steel was martensite,retained austenite and primary carbide M_(7)C_(3).Higher NITROGEN content increased the content of retained austenite in martensitic stainless steel,inhibited the precipitation of primary carbides and refined the dendrites.Higher NITROGEN content could effectively inhibit the microsegregation of C element in martensitic stainless steel;however,it had little effect on Cr,V,Nb and Ti.The peritectic reaction was first carried out in high NITROGEN steel during solidification,which advanced the transformation of austenite and inhibited the microsegregation of C element.

关键词： NITROGEN Martensitic stainless steel Electroslag remelting Microsegregation Microstructure

Removal efficacy and mechanism of NITROGEN and phosphorus by biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (BA-PIA)

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第5期127卷 187-196页

作者： Yichao Wang Shuai Yuan Shupo Liu Fei Li Zhenming Zhou College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao UniversityXiamen 361021China

In this study,aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(Al-PIA)was used as a high-efficiency microbial carrier,and the biological Al-PIA(BA-PIA)was prepared by artificial aeration.Laboratory static experiments were conducted to study the effect of BA-PIA on reducing NITROGEN and phosphorus contents in water.Physicochemical characterization and isotope tracing method were applied to analyze the removal mechanism of NITROGEN and phosphorus.High-throughput techniques were used to analyze the characteristic bacterial genus in the BA-PIA system.The NITROGEN and phosphorus removal experiment was conducted for 30 days,and the removal rates of NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN and TP by BA-PIA were 81.87%,66.08%and 87.97%,respectively.The NITROGEN removal pathways of BA-PIA were as follows:the nitrification reaction accounted for 59.0%(of which denitrification reaction accounted for 56.4%),microbial assimilation accounted for 18.1%,and the unreacted part accounted for 22.9%.The characteristic bacteria in the BA-PIA system were Streptomyces,Nocardioides,Saccharopolyspora,Nitrosomonas,and Marinobacter.The loading of microorganisms only changed the surface physical properties of Al-PIA(such as specific surface area,pore volume and pore size),without changing its surface chemical properties.The removal mechanism of NITROGEN by BA-PIA is the conversion of NH_(4)^(+)-N into NO_(2)^(−)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N by nitrifying bacteria,which are then reduced to NITROGEN-containing gas by aerobic denitrifying bacteria.The phosphorus removal mechanism is that metal compounds(such as Al)on the surface of BA-PIA fix phosphorus through chemisorption processes,such as ligand exchange.Therefore,BA-PIA overcomes the deficiency of Al-PIA with only phosphorus removal ability,and has better application prospects.

关键词： Biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(BA-PIA) Biofilms formed by artificial aeration NITROGEN Phosphorus 15N isotope tracer High-throughput sequencing analysis

Recent advances and challenges of NITROGEN/nitrate electro catalytic reduction to ammonia synthesis

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Frontiers in Energy 2024年第2期18卷 128-140页

作者： Junwen CAO Yikun HU Yun ZHENG Wenqiang ZHANG Bo YU Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology(INET) Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Chemical Engineering University of WaterlooWaterlooOntario N2L 3G1Canada Institute of New Energy Materials and Engineering School of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China

The Haber-Bosch process is the most widely used synthetic ammonia technology at present.Since its invention,it has provided an important guarantee for global food security.However,the traditional Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process consumes a lot of energy and causes serious environmental pollution.Under the serious pressure of energy and environment,a green,clean,and sustainable ammonia synthesis route is urgently needed.Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a green and mild new method for preparing ammonia,which can directly convert NITROGEN or nitrate into ammonia using electricity driven by solar,wind,or water energy,without greenhouse gas and toxic gas emissions.Herein,the basic mechanism of the NITROGEN reduction reaction(NRR)to ammonia and nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)^(-))to ammonia were discussed.The representative approaches and major technologies,such as lithium mediated electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC)electrolysis for NRR,high activity catalyst and advanced electrochemical device fabrication for(NO_(3)^(-))RR and electrochemical ammonia synthesis were summarized.Based on the above discussion and analysis,the main challenges and development directions for electrochemical ammonia synthesis were further proposed.

关键词： electrochemical ammonia synthesis NITROGEN nitrate NITROGEN reduction reaction(NRR)to ammonia nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)^(-))RR

Strategies to achieve effective NITROGEN activation

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Carbon Energy 2024年第5期6卷 137-163页

作者： Bin Chang Huabin Zhang Shuhui Sun Gaixia Zhang KAUST Catalysis Center(KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique(INRS) CentreÉnergie Matériaux TélécommunicationsVarennesQuébecCanada Department of Electrical Engineering École de Technologie Supérieure(ÉTS)MontréalQuébecCanada

Ammonia serves as a crucial chemical raw material and hydrogen energy carrier.Aqueous electrocatalytic NITROGEN reduction reaction(NRR),powered by renewable energy,has attracted tremendous interest during the past few years.Although some achievements have been revealed in aqueous NRR,significant challenges have also been identified.The activity and selectivity are fundamentally limited by NITROGEN activation and competitive hydrogen evolution.This review focuses on the hurdles of NITROGEN activation and delves into complementary strategies,including materials design and system optimization(reactor,electrolyte,and mediator).Then,it introduces advanced interdisciplinary technologies that have recently emerged for NITROGEN activation using high-energy physics such as plasma and triboelectrification.With a better understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms in the coming years,these technologies have the potential to be extended in further applications.This review provides further insight into the reaction mechanisms of selectivity and stability of different reaction systems.We then recommend a rigorous and detailed protocol for investigating NRR performance and also highlight several potential research directions in this exciting field,coupling with advanced interdisciplinary applications,in situ/operando characterizations,and theoretical calculations.

关键词： activation via mediators catalyst optimization electrochemical NITROGEN fixation high-energy activation of NITROGEN NITROGEN

Identification of the lysine and histidine transporter family in Camellia sinensis and the characterizations in NITROGEN utilization

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2024年第1期10卷 273-287页

作者： Wei Huang Danni Ma Fawad Zaman Xulei Hao Li Xia E Zhang Pu Wang Mingle Wang Fei Guo Yu Wang Dejiang Ni Hua Zhao National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation&Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei 430070China

In plants,the lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family represent a class of proteins that mediate the uptake,translocation,and utilization of amino acids.The tea plant(Camellia sinensis)is a perennial evergreen with a relatively high level of amino acids.However,systematic identification and molecular characterization of the LHT gene family has rarely been reported in tea plants.In this study,22 CsLHTs were identified from the‘Shuchazao’genome and classified into two groups.The modeled three-dimensional structure and the conserved domains presented a high similarity among the LHTs proteins.Moreover,it was predicted that a few genes were conserved through the analysis of the physiochemical characters,structures and cis-elements in promoters.The expression patterns in tea plants revealed that CsLHT7 was mainly expressed in the roots,and CsLHT4 and CsLHT11 exhibited relatively high expression in both the roots and leaves.Moreover,the expression of all three genes could be induced by organic NITROGEN.Additionally,heterogeneous expression of CsLHT4,CsLHT7 and CsLHT11 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the aerial parts biomass compared with that in WT plants while significantly increased the rosette biomass only for CsLHT11transgenic plants versus WT plants.Overall,our results provide fundamental information about CsLHTs and potential genes in N utilization for further analysis in tea plants.

关键词： Camellia sinensis NITROGEN Lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family

Physiological mechanisms underlying reduced photosynthesis in wheat leaves grown in the field under conditions of NITROGEN and water deficiency

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The Crop Journal 2023年第2期11卷 638-650页

作者： Juan Kang Yingying Chu Geng Ma Yanfei Zhang Xiaoyan Zhang Mao Wang Hongfang Lu Lifang Wang Guozhang Kang Dongyun Ma Yingxin Xie Chenyang Wang College of Agronomy&State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450046HenanChina National Engineering Research Center for Wheat Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450046HenanChina

Reduced photosynthesis results directly from NITROGEN or water deficiency in wheat plants,and leads to a decrease in grain yield.In this study,by measuring the effects of water and N deficiencies,both individually and combined,we characterized the responses of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.Yumai 49-198)plants to these two deficiencies using physiological measurements and comparative proteomics.Significant decreases in grain yield and leaf photosynthetic performance were observed in all deficiency conditions,and 106 photosynthetic proteins that showed responses were identified.NITROGEN deficiency induced the least change in photosynthetic proteins,and similar changes in most of these proteins were also observed for the combined NITROGEN and water deficiencies.Water deficiency induced the largest change in photosynthetic proteins and resulted in the lowest 1000-kernel weight.Severe decreases in photosynthesis in both the water-deficiency and combined N and water deficiency groups were reflected mainly in an imbalanced ATP/NADPH ratio associated with the light reaction,which influences carbon metabolism in the Calvin cycle.Photorespiration was respectively stimulated or inhibited by N or water deficiency,while suppression of photorespiratory flux and activation of NITROGEN recycling were observed in the combined N and water deficiency treatments.Comparison of photosynthetic proteins between experimental sites suggested that precipitation affected linear electron flow in the photoreaction,and thus photosynthetic efficiency.Our results provide a baseline for future studies of the roles of these photosynthetic proteins in the response to N or water deficiency and their effect on 1000-kernel weight.

关键词： Wheat Photosynthesis NITROGEN Water Proteomics

Increased NITROGEN use efficiency via amino acid remobilization from source to sink organs in Brassica napus

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The Crop Journal 2023年第1期11卷 119-131页

作者： Guihong Liang Yingpeng Hua Haifei Chen Jinsong Luo Hongkun Xiang Haixing Song Zhenhua Zhang College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410128HunanChina School of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000HenanChina

NITROGEN(N)is an essential plant growth nutrient whose coordinated distribution from source to sink organs is crucial for seed development and overall crop yield.We compared high and low N use efficiency(NUE)Brassica napus(rapeseed)genotypes.Metabonomics and transcriptomics revealed that leaf senescence induced by N deficiency promoted amino acid allocation from older to younger leaves in the high-NUE genotype at the vegetative growth stage.Efficient source to sink remobilization of amino acids elevated the numbers of branches and pods per plant under a N-deficiency treatment during the reproductive stage.A15N tracer experiment confirmed that more amino acids were partitioned into seeds from the silique wall during the pod stage in the high-NUE genotype,owing mainly to variation in genes involved in organic N transport and metabolism.We suggest that the greater amino acid source-to-sink allocation efficiency during various growth stages in the high-NUE genotype resulted in higher yield and NUE under N deficiency.These findings support the hypothesis that strong amino acid remobilization in rapeseed leads to high yield,NUE,and harvest index.

关键词： NITROGEN Amino acids Source-to-sink allocation Yield Genetic variation

Determining NITROGEN fate by hydrological pathways and impact on carbonate weathering in an agricultural karst watershed

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2023年第2期11卷 327-338页

作者： Zhuo Hao Yang Gao Yang Yang Qingwen Zhang Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureCAASBeijing100081China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCAsBejing10011 China Sierra Nevada Research Institute University of CalifomiaMercedCA95344USA

Identifying the NITROGEN(N)fate is complicated and a great challenge in karst watersheds because of the co-existence of natural pools and anthropogenic sources.The objective of the study was to use stable isotopic composition of dual-isotope(δ^(15)NNitrate and δ^(18)O_(Nitrate))and LOADEST model approaches to trace N sources,pathways in karst watershed.The study was conducted in the Houzhai watershed,which is a typical agricultural karst watershed from July 2016 to August 2018,to reveal the N fate and the coupled carbon(C)-N processes occurring in the riverine-watershed with agricultural activities.We found that the wet deposition of total NITROGEN(TN)flux was 33.50 kg hm^(-2)·a^(-1)and dissolved NITROGEN(DN)flux was 21.66 kg hm^(-2)·a^(-1).The DN runoff loss was 2.10×10^(5)kg·a^(-1)and the loss of DN during the wet season accounted for 95.4%over a year.In the wet season,NO_(3)^(-)-N daily efflux was 977.62±516.66 kg ha^(-1)·day^(-1)and 248.77±57.83 kg ha^(-1)·day^(-1)in the dry season.The NH_(4)^(+)-N efflux was 29.17±10.50 kg ha^(-1)·day^(-1)and 4.42±3.07 kg ha^(-1)·day^(-1)in the wet and dry seasons,respectively.The main form output load of N was NO_(3)^(-)-N which was more than 30 times as much as NH_(4)^(+)-N output loss.The NO_(3)^(-)N caused by rainfall contributed11.82%-53.61%to the export load.Nitrate from soil contributed over 94%of the N to Houzhai river caused by N leaching.In addition,manure and farmland soil were the main sources of groundwater in the Houzhai watersheds,the contribution rates were 25.9%and 22.5%.The chemical N fertilizers affected carbonate weathering strongly,and the HCO_(3)^(-) flux caused by nitrifi-cation due to N fertilizers application in soil accounted for 23.5%of the entire watershed.This study suggested that carbonate weathering may be influenced by NITROGEN nitrification in the karst watershed.

关键词： Karst Agricultural watershed Hydrological pathway NITROGEN Carbonate weathering

Peptide Transporter OsNPF8.1 Contributes to Sustainable Growth under Salt and Drought Stresses,and Grain Yield under NITROGEN Deficiency in Rice

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Rice science 2023年第2期30卷 113-126,I0031-I0034页

作者： QIU Diyang HU Rui LI Ji LI Ying DING Jierong XIA Kuaifei ZHONG Xuhua FANG Zhongming ZHANG Mingyong Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China Institute of Fruit Tree Research Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou 510640China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Agricultural Sciences Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China

Peptide transport is important for plant tissues where rapid proteolysis occurs,especially during germination and senescence,to enhance redistribution of organic NITROGEN(N).However,the biological role of peptide transporters is poorly investigated in rice.We characterized the function of the peptide transporter OsNPF8.1 of rice nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family(NPF).Ectopic expression of OsNPF8.1 in yeast revealed that OsNPF8.1 encoded a high-affinity di-/tri-peptide transporter,and the osnpf8.1 mutants had a lower uptake rate of the fluorescent-labelled dipeptide c in leaves of rice seedlings.Histochemical assays showed that OsNPF8.1 was highly expressed in mesophyll cells and vascular parenchyma cells,but not detected in root hairs and epidermises.Expression of OsNPF8.1 was induced by N deficiency,drought,Na Cl and abscisic acid,and kept at a high level in senescing leaves.Under N deficiency conditions,compared with the wild type Zhonghua 11,the osnpf8.1 mutants grew slower at the seedling stage,and had lower grain yield and lower N content in the grains.In contrast,OsNPF8.1-over-expressing rice(OsNPF8.1-OE)grew faster at the seedling stage and had a higher grain yield.The osnpf8.1 seedlings were less tolerant to salt and drought stresses.These results suggested that stress-induced organic N transportation mediated by OsNPF8.1 might contribute to balance plant growth and tolerate to salt/drought stress and N-deficiency.

关键词： abiotic stress NITROGEN peptide transporter rice

Co-overexpression of genes for NITROGEN transport, assimilation, and utilization boosts rice grain yield and NITROGEN use efficiency

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The Crop Journal 2023年第3期11卷 785-799页

作者： Jie Luo Junnan Hang Bilong Wu Xilin Wei Quanzhi Zhao Zhongming Fang Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region(Ministry of Education)College of Agricultural SciencesGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025GuizhouChina Center of Applied Biotechnology Wuhan University of BioengineeringWuhan 430415HubeiChina

NITROGEN(N)fertilization is necessary for obtaining high rice yield.But excessive N fertilizer reduces rice plant N efficiency and causes negative effects such as environmental pollution.In this study,we assembled key genes involved in different nodes of N pathways to boost nitrate and ammonium uptake and assimilation,and to strengthen amino acid utilization to increase grain yield and NITROGEN use efficiency(NUE)in rice.The combinations OsNPF8.9a×OsNR2,OsAMT1;2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1,and OsGS2×OsAS2×OsANT3 optimized nitrate assimilation,ammonium conversion,and N reutilization,respectively.In co-overexpressing rice lines obtained by co-transformation,the tiller number,biomass,and grain yield per plant of the OsAMT1;2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1-overexpressing line exceeded those of wild-type ZH11,the OsNPF8.9a×OsNR2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1-overexpressing line,and the OsGS2×OsAS2×OsANT3-overexpressing line.The glutamine synthase activity,free amino acids,and NITROGEN utilization efficiency(NUt E)of the OsAMT1;2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1-overexpressing line exceeded those of ZH11 and other lines that combined key genes.N influx efficiency was increased in the OsAMT1;2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1-overexpressing line and OsNPF8.9a×OsNR2×OsGS1;2×OsAS1-overexpressing line under a low ammonium and a low nitrate treatment,respectively.We propose that combining overexpression of OsAMT1;2,OsGS1;2,and OsAS1 is a promising breeding strategy for systematically increasing rice grain yield and NUE by focusing on key nodes in the N pathway.

关键词： NITROGEN Rice tillering Grain yield NITROGEN use efficiency Co-transformation