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Underlying Sociocultural Practices Influencing Prevalence of Female Genital mutilation/Cutting in Kajiado County

Advances in Sexual Medicine 2019年第2期9卷 17-28页

作者： Bernard Mbogo Sarah Karanja Kennedy Omwaka Denge Lugayo Charles Leshore Amref Health Africa Nairobi Kenya

Background: Female Genital mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) often has lifelong negative consequences for a woman’s physical and mental health but is still practiced in some parts of Kenya including Kajiado County. We aimed to estimate the current prevalence as well as the socio-cultural beliefs and power relations that are in favor of or against the practice in Kajiado, Kenya. Methods: A mixed method cross-sectional study was conducted in Kajiado County. The study targeted: women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years);community health volunteers (CHVs);opinion leaders;health care workers;officials from the ministries of Education, Health, Culture, Gender and Social Services;Community Health Assistants (CHAs);Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs);teachers;morans and adolescent boys and girls aged 10 to 24 years. Data were collected both quantitatively through a household questionnaire and qualitatively through the focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Factors influencing Female Genital mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) were classified as either social, cultural beliefs or economic. Results: From the study, quantitative results revealed that the prevalence of FGM/C in Kajiado County was 91%, with most of them (96.7%) practicing type 2 (excision) circumcisions. From the interviews, girls undergo the cut as a rite of passage to womanhood and thus a prerequisite for marriage. It is also believed that girls who are uncircumcised cannot be helped by TBAs in delivery. It is believed that their blood is poisonous and can cause bad omen to whoever comes in contact with dirty blood. Additionally, it is believed that girls go through the cut to avoid conflict and natural phenomena;for instance, drought and outbreaks of diseases that kill many people. Finally, it is a practice that earns respect for the parents of the girls and incentives as dowry to the father of the girl. TBAs that perform FGM/C get paid in cash and kind. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation/cutting practice in Kajiado County is still high. Efforts to end t

关键词： Female Genital mutilation Alternative Rite of Passage Prevalence Kajiado County Kenya

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Genital and Urinary Tract Obstruction as a Late Complication of Female Genital mutilation at Latifa Hospital, Dubai, UAE—Case Report

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019年第2期9卷 223-228页

作者： Laila Yahya A. Alhubaishi Faiza Badawi Hassan Y. Hotait G. Lakshmiah Atif Bashir Fazari Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Latifa Hospital DHA Dubai UAE Department of Histopathology & Genetics Dubai Hospital DHA Dubai UAE Faculty of Medicine University of Medical Sciences & Technology Khartoum Sudan

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is partial or total excision of female external genitalia or other deliberate injury to the female genital organs for non-therapeutic purpose. It is cultural and traditional practice. Female genital mutilation may result in immediate complications such as severe pain and bleeding and long-term complications such as: psychological, psychosexual, trauma, infertility, urinary and genital complications.

关键词： Female Genital mutilation Infibulation Urine Retention Defibulation

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Gender and Sexuality: The Myth of Female Genital mutilation

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Cultural and Religious Studies 2021年第5期9卷 231-244页

作者： Joyce A.M.Ejukonemu Federal College of Education(Techinical)Bichi KanoNigeria

The rights to good health, fulfilment and happiness should not be segregated. Boys and girls, men and women, as created by God are entitled to the right to live in health, feel fulfilled and enjoy a certain level of happiness. In some parts of Nigeria, the female gender is expected to be chaste as well as inactive sexually. In order to maintain chastity in young girls and keep married women faithful during marriage, females are made to go through circumcision medically known as female genital mutilation (FGM). The age and kind of mutilation varies from tribe to tribe. However, this precaution is not reciprocal in male, because the man has the right to decide to be faithful to his spouse or not. Drawing from primary and secondary data, the paper seeks to solve the puzzle: Does genital mutilation reduce the sexual drive of a female? Primary data were obtained from focus group discussions and interview, while secondary data were obtained through relevant literature pertaining to female genital mutilation in Nigeria were obtained from journals, textbooks, selected documents, and Internet. A review of these articles was conducted and after critical appraisal, using narrative analysis, the data extracted from the articles regarding FGM were analysed. Using a comparative scope covering the northern and southern parts of Nigeria, the paper argues that FGM is a women rights violation. The paper therefore recommends that females be allowed to enjoy equal sexual rights as their male counterparts.

关键词： gender genital mutilation myth sexuality and culture

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Obstetrical Complications of Female Genital mutilation: Management Maternal-Fetal Medical Care and Prognosis, Obstetrical Gynecology Regional Hospital, Unit of N'zérékoré

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019年第2期9卷 196-206页

作者： B. A. Diallo E. M. Bah O. H. Bah I. Conté I. K. Bah I. S. Diallo B. S. Diallo I. S. Sow S. Touré D. Sidibé M. D. Baldé Donka National Hospital Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry Guinea Ignace-Deen National Hospital Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry Guinea Institute of Nutrition and Child Health (INCH) Donka Guinea N’zerekoré Regional Hospital N’zérékoré Guinea

Introduction: Female Genital mutilation (FGM) is a public health problem. There are 100 to 140 million girls and women who suffer every year in the world [1]. The aim of this study is to improve the medical care and reduce complications of FGM at the Regionalhospital of N’zérékoré, to determine their frequency, and to evaluate the maternal-fetalprognosis. Methods: The study was conducted at the Regional Hospital of N’zérékoré. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study of 6 months, from 1 September 2016 to 28 February 2017, including all pregnant women admitted for childbirth who had a complication of female genital mutilation. Results: A total of 1295 women gave birth in the service, of which 1204 women were women with female genital mutilation. Given a frequency of 92.97%, of these 1204 mutilated women, 223 presented obstetrical complications during their delivery, a proportion of 17.22%. They were mostly young patients, mostly housewives who were not in school. Type II FGM was the most common (53.06%). Obstetric complications were dominated by complicated perinatal tears (54.08%), and hemorrhages (40.81%). The catch was dominated by perineorrhaphy. Conclusion: The frequency of FGM was 92.97% and that of their obstetric complications 17.22%. Most were house-wives, not in school. There was FGM type II. The abandonment of FGM would reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

关键词： Female Genital mutilation Obstetric Complications Maternal Fetal Prognosis

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Perceived Effects of Female Genital mutilation on Gender Sports Participation and Performance： Implications to Sports Administration and Management in Nigeria

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Journal of Sports Science 2015年第3期3卷 138-143页

作者： Alagbu Chukwubuikem Eugene Alagbu Chinwe Adline Paullete Ekejiuba Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education Faculty of Education Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Educational Management and Policy Faculty of Education Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Educational Studies and Management Faculty of Education University of Benin Benin-City Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to find out the perceived effects of FGM (female genital mutilation) on gender sports performance: implications to sports administration and management in Nigeria. A total of 250 purposively selected regular female athletes from five Nigerian universities (two federal universities, two state universities and one private university), in the south-East Geopolitical zone of the country. A self structured questionnaire with reliability value of 0.73. The test-retest method was used for data collection. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage and Chi-square inferential statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that majority perceived FGM as harmful and detrimental to excellent sports performance, administration and management. Based on the result of the study, it was therefore recommended that government should design programmes aimed at improving the education of the girl-child as this has been identified as one of the factors which will help to change the attitude of mothers towards the practice of FGM.

关键词： Girl-child fema1e off-springs female genital mutilation female genital cutting retention of urine and menses

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Survey Study of Acute and Long Term Effects of Female Genital mutilation among Women in Sharkia Governorate

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014年第14期4卷 874-880页

作者： Essa M. Arafa Amany M. Abdelghany Nadia M. Madkour Wael S. Nossair Ekramy A. Mohamed Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Zagazig University Hospitals Zagazig Egypt

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute and long-term effects of female genital mutilation (FGM) among women in Sharkia Governorate. Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Zagazic University Hospital (ZUH) over a two years period from January 2012 to January 2014. The overall sample consisted of 1500 women. An interview was utilized to collect the necessary data. The questionnaires were administered face to face, in Arabic language. Four open and 25 close-ended questions were used to collect socio-demographic data of the sample: women’s experience about the circumcision, occurrence of health hazards after circumcision, and sexual effects on married women. Intention of all women (circumcised or not) to circumcise?their daughters was also documented. Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of FGM in?Sharkia Governorate was about 85.5%. The majority of circumcised women were Muslims (94.4%), married (87.9%), housewife (81.4%), illiterate or with low education level (45.5% and 38.5% respectively) and from rural areas (82.2%). The most common types of FGM were type I (49.2%) and type II (50.8%). The most common motive of FGM was the religious cause (46.6%). The majority of circumcised women (59%) denied the occurrence of any acute complication. The reported acute complications in this study were bleeding (19.6%), urine retention (2.3%), infection (6.3%) and difficult walking (12.8%). The majority of circumcised women (86%) denied the occurrence of any problems at labor related to circumcision. The reported problems at labor in this study were narrowing of introitus (8.4%), laceration (0.7%) and bleeding (4.9%). In this study, 74.6% of circumcised women believed that there was no effect of circumcision on their sexual satisfaction and 92.1% of circumcised women believed that there was no effect of circumcision on their husband’s sexual satisfaction. Approximately 16% of circumcised women complained of dyspareunia and believed that it was related to circumcision. C

关键词： Female Genital mutilation Female Circumcision Sexual Satisfaction

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Obstetric Complications Due to Female Genital mutilation (FGM) at N’Djamena Mother and Child Hospital (Chad)

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015年第14期5卷 784-788页

作者： Lhagadang Foumsou Richard Norbert Nglalé Jeanne Fouedjio Gédéon Ndakmissou Bray Madoué Gabkika Sadjoli Damthéou Philip Njotang Nana Abdoulaye Sépou Department of Gynecolgy and Obstetric Faculty of Human Health Sciences University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Department of Gynecolgy and Obstetric Faculty of Health Sciences University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic Department of Gynecolgy and Obsteric Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genital organ or other injuries to the female genital organ whether for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons. Female genital mutilation causes numerous complications. Four in such cases multiplies obstetric complications. The aim of this study was to identify obstetric complications due to FGM. Patients and Material: We conducted a comparative prospective case-control study for three months, from January 1st to March 31st, 2014 in the maternity of N’Djamena Mother and Child. It focused on identifying neonatal and/or maternal complications during childbirth due to FGM. The study population consisted of pregnant women at term admitted for delivery labor. All parturients had to present the same sociodemographic and clinical profiles. A history of FGM was the main distinguishing criterion. Results: During the study period, we recorded 312 births to women with genital mutilation, among 1905 deliveries, representing a prevalence of 16.4%. One hundred ninety-one cases of circumcised women responding to the inclusion criteria were selected. Most of these women were between the ages of 20 and 29. The extreme age group was 15 and 39 (with a mean of 24.5 years). FGM was significant in age group over 20 years (Khi2 = 10.8;OR = 2.6 [1.4 - 4.9];P = 0.001). The type II of FGM which removed a part of the clitoris and the adjacent labia minora represented 64.40% patients in the group of women with FGM. Perinea laceration was the frequent maternal complication among parturient with FGM (Khi2 = 9.8;OR = 2.2 [1.4 to 3.6];P = 0.0007). FGM type III was associated with a high proportion of maternal complication (Khi2 = 11.2;OR = 7.3 [1.97 - 31.6];P = 0.0001). Still births were significantly higher in the group of parturient with FGM (11.5%, P = 0.015). Conclusion: Female genital mutilation is a common cultural practice in our country;it contributes to worsening maternal and fetal compli

关键词： Female Genital mutilation Childbirth Maternal-Fetal Complication N’Djamena (Chad)

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Self-Genital mutilation and Attempted Suicide by Cut Throat in the Same Patient at Presentation: A Rare Event

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第4期5卷 330-333页

作者： Senyo Gudugbe Isaac Asiedu Jonathan Lamptey Mathew Y. Kyei Kenneth Baidoo Department of Surgery Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana Urology Unit Department of Surgery School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana Otolaryngology Unit Department of Surgery School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana

Genital self-mutilation is an uncommon event that is commonly associated with psychotic disorders. Such injuries have also been reported secondary to complex religious beliefs and delusions regarding sexual guilt. Even though few case reports of male genital self-mutilation are available in literature, it is?rareto have a combined self-genital mutilation and attempted suicide by cut throat occurring in the same patient at presentation. We presented the case of a 38-yr-old male who presented to the accident and emergency centre of a tertiary hospital in Accra, Ghana.

关键词： Self Genital mutilation Attempted Suicide Cut Throat

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Circumcision of Infants and Children: Short-Term Trauma and Long-Term Psychosexual Harm

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Advances in Sexual Medicine 2015年第2期5卷 22-38页

作者： Gregory J. Boyle Australian Institute of Psychology Fortitude Valley Queensland Australia

Non-therapeutic infant male circumcision is a permanent surgical alteration to the penis that may cause significant physical, sexual and psychological harm. Physical harms include unintended adverse effects of the surgery itself (e.g., complications such as bleeding, infection, excessive removal of foreskin leaving insufficient shaft skin to accommodate erections, etc.), as well as the inherent loss of healthy, functional tissue. Sexual harms that necessarily follow from circumcision include the loss of all sensation in the foreskin itself, and the loss of all sexual functions that involve the physical manipulation of the foreskin. Additional sexual harms that may follow circumcision include reduced sexual sensation in the remaining penile structures, difficulty with masturbation, increased chafing in both the circumcised man and his sexual partner, as well as reduced overall psychosexual/psychological tension relief and subjective satisfaction. Psychological harms include short-term trauma as well as the potential for long-term emotional disturbances, including sadness, frustration, distress, and anger—akin to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, the extent and severity of these various harms are considered and it is argued that they are more serious and more widespread than is commonly believed.

关键词： Circumcision Sexual Reduction Surgery Circumcision-Related Deaths Male Genital mutilation

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