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Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第4期62卷 703-718页

作者： Lanhui ZHANG Chansheng HE Mingmin ZHANG Yi ZHU Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System (Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the Heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest *** show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS ***, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

关键词： SMOS SMAP Evaluation Different vegetation types Sparse in situ networks Arid mountainous watershed

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Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第9期31卷 21-38页

作者： Liang Yuan Yan Yin Hui Xiao Jian Hao Kui Chen Xingna Yu Xiaoling Zhang Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration School of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University cf Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Atmospheric Science Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu 610225 China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology CMA Guangzhou 510641 China Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science Tianjin 300074 China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm-1 for scattering coefficient(σsp, neph, 550), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σhbsp, neph, 550), and absorption coefficient(σap, 550), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω550) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σsp, neph, 550 and ω550. Diurnal cycles of σsp, neph, 550 and σap, 550 with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie *** results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.

关键词： Aerosol optical properties Mixing state Direct radiative forcing Background mountainous site Mt.Huang

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Augmented planning support system framework for mountainous urban master planning

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第4期17卷 973-991页

作者： SUN Xiao-tao XU Jian-gang WANG Zhen-bo School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Architecture and Urban Planning Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

As a reflection of the relationship between human and mountainous environment, urban planning has an impact on the mountainous environment by changing the topography, landform and spatial layout. A good urban planning can mitigate and adapt to the mountainous environmental impact. Urban master planning involves the interrelationships and interactions of various components of urban complex systems. Planning Support System(PSS), as a technical means to assist planning decision-making, is mostly based on the construction mode of "user(stakeholder)-system". Its strong professional characteristics are not conducive to the consensus of diverse stakeholders on urban planning. The aim of this paper is therefore to build an augmented planning support system framework that is based on complex adaptive system theory, this framework is ontology-driven, and thus will enable the generation of a planning support prototype system for mountainous urban master planning founded on this framework. The framework fuses the urban planning ontology and the planning support system together, which helps different urban agents to reach a consensus based on a common understanding of urban planning. The defect is that the construction of the urban planning ontology is still manually constructed. The approach advocated here will enable a common understanding of mountainous urban master planning, support efficient and flexible decision in this area, and provide reference framework for future mountainous urban master PSS developments and application. The PSS prototype developed based on augmented planning support system framework has been applied to the urban master planning of Changting County in Fujian Province, China. Through the application of multiscenario analysis, urban agents can deepen their understanding of the current situation and future development of the city, and ultimately helps to promote urban planning decisions and implementation.

关键词： Urban planning Ontologies Planning support systems Complex adaptive system mountainous planning Urban master planning GIS

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The Representativeness of Air Quality Monitoring Sites in the Urban Areas of a mountainous City

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第2期33卷 236-250页

作者： Minjin MA Yue CHEN Fan DING Zhaoxia PU Xudong LIANG College of Atmospheric Sciences Lanzhou University College of Computer and Communication Lanzhou University of Technology Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Utah State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Lanzhou is a typical mountainous city with severe air pollution in northwestern China. This study uses hourly observational data of air pollutants at five air quality monitoring sites in Lanzhou from July to December 2015 to discuss data quality control and the representativeness of the monitoring sites(four urban sites and one suburban site). A fuzzy matrix is applied to study primary air pollutants. The results show that of the six routinely monitored pollutants,the primary pollutant is PM_10 during the study period. Based on lag correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance, it is concluded that there are redundant observations at the four urban sites for the timely diffusion and transport of air pollutants from the same general area. The coefficient of divergence(COD) method is then used to evaluate the spatial distribution differences, and the primary air pollutant PM_10 shows differences at each site. COD can be used as a positive indicator to describe site representativeness. To evaluate the overall air pollution in the valley, correlation analysis is performed between the PM_10 concentration retrieved from aerosol optical depth satellite data and the concentration from the four urban monitoring sites. Among these, the correlation between the workers' hospital site data and the retrieval data is the highest, passing the 90% confidence level. A new representative evaluation model for air quality monitoring sites, R_s = 0.77 COD + 0.23R_(retrieval), is established by using COD and correlation coefficients between routine observations and satellite retrieval products. From this model, it can be concluded that the biological products institute site in Lanzhou is the most representative site for the evaluation of air pollution out of the four urban air quality monitoring sites from July to December 2015.

关键词： mountainous cities air quality monitoring site representativeness

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Spatial pattern and driving factors of biomass carbon density for natural and planted coniferous forests in mountainous terrain,eastern Loess Plateau of China

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Forest Ecosystems 2020年第1期7卷 104-116页

作者： Lina Sun Mengben Wang Xiaohui Fan Institute of Loess Plateau Shanxi UniversityWucheng Road 92Taiyuan 030006China

Background:Understanding the spatial pattern and driving factors of forest carbon density in mountainous terrain is of great importance for monitoring forest carbon in support of sustainable forest management for mitigating climate ***:We collected the forest inventory data in 2015 in Shanxi Province,eastern Loess Plateau of China,to explore the spatial pattern and driving factors of biomass carbon density(BCD)for natural and planted coniferous forests using Anselin Local Moran’s I,Local Getis-Ord G*and semivariogram analyses,and multi-group structural equation modeling,***:The result of spatial pattern of BCDs for natural forests showed that the BCD was generally higher in the north but lower in the south of *** spatial pattern for planted forests was substantially different from that for natural *** results of multi-group SEM suggested that elevation(or temperature as the alternative factor of elevation)and stand age were important driving factors of BCD for these two forest *** with other factors,the effects of latitude and elevation on BCD showed much greater difference between these two forest *** difference in indirect effect of latitude(mainly through affecting elevation and stand age)between natural and planted forests was to some extent a reflection of the difference between the spatial patterns of BCDs for natural and planted forests in ***:The natural coniferous forests had a higher biomass carbon density,a stronger spatial dependency of biomass carbon density relative to planted coniferous forests in *** was the most important driving factor,and the effect on biomass carbon density was stronger for natural than planted coniferous ***,latitude presented only indirect effect on it for the two forest types.

关键词： Spatial pattern Spatial heterogeneity Multi-group structural equation modeling Stand age Elevation mountainous terrain

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Assessment of causes and future deforestation in the mountainous tropical forest of Timor Island, Indonesia

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第10期16卷 2215-2231页

作者： PUJIONO Eko SADONO Ronggo HARTONO IMRON Muhammad Ali Faculty of Forestry Universitas Gadjah MadaJl.Agro No.1Yogyakarta55281Indonesia Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah MadaSekip UtaraJl.KaliurangYogyakarta55281Indonesia Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute of Kupang Ministry of Environment and ForestryJl.Alfons Nisnoni No.7BKupang85119Indonesia

The Mutis-Timau Forest Complex,one of the remaining mountainous tropical forest areas in Timor Island,eastern Indonesia that covers an area of 31,984 ha,tends to decrease *** to secure mountain forest functions and counteract the negative impact of declining forest areas are often constrained by data uncertainty on factors contributing to *** this reason,this study attempts to develop models of deforestation and predict future deforestation in the Mutis-Timau Forest *** constructed models of deforestation that describe the relationship between deforestation and factors contributing to deforestation using spatial statistical *** this model,we used the deforestation data for the 1987-2017 period obtained from a previous study as dependent variables and the potential causes of deforestation generated from Geographic Information System spatial analysis as independent *** the probability of deforestation derived from the model,we predicted future deforestation under two different scenarios,namely,business-as-usual(as the reference scenario)and reducing emission fromdeforestation and forest *** findings showed that a positive relationship exists between probability of deforestation,distance to the settlement,and population density variables,whereas a negative relationship exists between likelihood of deforestation,elevation,slope,distance to the road,distance to the savanna,and forest management unit *** the 2017-2030 period,under the business-as-usual scenario,the Mutis-Timau Forest Complex will lose 1327.65 ha in forest area with an annual deforestation rate of 0.54%.Meanwhile,under the reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation scenario,the overall forest loss was estimated to be 1237.11 ha with an annual deforestation rate of 0.50%.The predicted area of avoided deforestation in 2017-2030 under the reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation scenario was 90.54

关键词： mountainous tropical forest Deforestation Spatial statistical model Geographic information system Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation

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Impact of land expropriation on farmers’ livelihoods in the mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan, China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第11期16卷 2484-2501页

作者： GUO Shi-li LI Chun-jie WEI Ya-li ZHOU Kui LIU Shao-quan XU Ding-de LI Qian-yu China Western Economic Research Center Southwestern University of Finance and EconomicsChengdu 610074China College of Environmental Science and Tourism Nanyang Normal UniversityNanyang 473061China College of Resources Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China Sichuan Center for Rural Development Research College of Management of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130China

Research on the sustainable livelihoods of rural households is of great significance to mitigating rural poverty and reasonable land expropriation policy helps to realize better livelihoods and sustainable *** have conducted considerable research on the relationships between land expropriation and farmers'***,few quantitative studies have used the characteristics of villages as control variables to systematically analyze the impact of land expropriation on farmers'livelihood capital and strategy in the mountainous and hilly regions of *** study uses the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model(PLS-SEM)to systematically explain the impact of land expropriation on farmers'livelihoods in mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan in 2013,with the characteristics of the village including income,accessibility and terrain as control *** analysis uses both representative sample data of 240 rural households and spatial data calculated using a 30 m Digital Elevation Model(DEM)by Geographic Information System(GIS).Results are as follows:(1)The land expropriation characteristicsare negatively affected by village *** with worse accessibility tend to have fewer land parcels and less land area ***,land that is expropriated from inaccessible villages tends to receive less compensation.(2)Natural capital is negatively affected by number and area of land *** capital is not only directly affected by village accessibility,but also indirectly affected by village accessibility through the mediating effect of the number and area of land parcels expropriated.(3)Physical capital is positively affected by compensation for land expropriation,and negatively affected by village accessibility through compensation for land *** worse a village's accessibility/location is,the less compensation it will receive for land expropriation,resulting in lower physical capital.(4)F

关键词： Sustainable livelihoods Land expropriation Partial least squares-structural equation model Mediating effects mountainous regions

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Fractal features and infiltration characteristics of the soil from different land uses in a small watershed in a rocky,mountainous area in Shandong Province

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第3期31卷 1017-1024页

作者： Lei Wang Rui Yang Shuyong Zhang Guangcan Zhang Xia Liu Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian 271018ShandongPeople’s Republic of China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu ProvinceForestry College of Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China

We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern *** studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and developed a soil infiltration model to analyze its quantitative relationship with soil particle size and pore dimensions under four types of land use,including sloping farmland,abandoned land,natural forest,and forest plantation(Malus pumila,Crataegus pinnatifida).Soil stability infiltration rate ranked as sloping farmland>abandoned land>natural forest>forest *** sequence of soil particle size and pore dimension ranked as natural forest>forest plantation>abandoned land>sloping *** were significant positive correlations between soil particle size and pore dimension,and both were positively correlated with the percent volume of silt and *** were negatively correlated with soil infiltration *** Horton model and the power function model were more suitable for simulating soil infiltration and the infiltration *** concluded that the soil in this area displayed typical fragments of rocky mountainous regions due to the loss of silt and clay caused by cultivation on sloping *** uniformity and fractal dimensions of soil particle sizes and pore distribution decreased,thereby enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.

关键词： Soil structure Soil infiltration Fractal dimension Sloping farmland Rocky mountainous area

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A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China to climatic changes

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Science China Earth Sciences 1999年第S1期42卷 52-63页

作者：康尔泗程国栋蓝永超金会军 State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology Chinese Academy of Sciences

A model for simulating the response of monthly runoff from the mountainous watersheds to climatic changes is developed. The model is based on the modifications to the HBV runoff model, and therefore represents the characteristics and runoff generation processes of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China. Taking the mountainous watershed of an inland river, the Heihe River originating from the Qilian Mountains and running through the Hexi Corridor as an example, the monthly runoff changes under different climate scenarios are simulated. The simulation indicates that, during the years from 1994 to 2030, if the annual mean air temperature increases by 0.5℃ , and precipitation keeps unchanged, then the runoff of May and October will increase because of the increase of the snow melt runoff, but the runoff of July and August will decrease to some extent because of the increase of evaporation, and as a result, the annual runoff will decrease by 4 % . If the precipitation still keeps unchanged, and the air temperature increases by 1.0℃ , in addition to the increase of runoff of May and June, the runoff of July and August will decrease in a larger amount, making the annual runoff decrease by 7.11 % . If the air temperature keeps unchanged, the increase of annual precipitation by 10% will cause the increase of runoff by 5 .27% ; while the increase of precipitation by 20% will cause the increase of runoff by 12.35% . When the air temperature increases by 0.5℃ and the precipitation increases by 10% , the runoff will increase only by 1.62% .

关键词： inland river basins runoff from mountainous watersheds climatic changes response.

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Call for joint international actions to improve scientific understanding and address soil erosion and riverine sediment issues in mountainous regions

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2023年第3期11卷 586-588页

作者： Fan Zhang Baoyuan Liu Liping Zhu Richard Cruse Dongfeng Li Panos Panagos Pasquale Borrelli Yakov Kuzyakov Shaoshan An State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Beijing Normal University BeijingChina Agronomy Department at Iowa State University AmesIAUnited States Department of Geography National University of SingaporeKent RidgeSingapore European Commission Joint Research CentreIspraItaly Department of Environmental Sciences Environmental GeosciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland Department of Science Roma Tre UniversityRomeItaly Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems Department of Agricultural Soil ScienceGeorg-August-University of GottingenGermany Research Center of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of EducationYanglingShaanxiChina

During the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and Riverine Sediment in mountainous Regions held in November 2022,scientists from many countries shared their state-of-the-art knowledge and brainstormed to improve scientific understanding for coping with climate change and anthropogenic *** summarized in this discussion includes proposed key scientific questions and suggested joint actions to reduce soil erosion and riverine sediment problems in mountainous regions.

关键词： soil mountainous summarized

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