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On deaf ears, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis Crohn's and other diseases

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第48期21卷 13411-13417页

作者： William C Davis Department Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State University

The historic suggestion that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map) might be a zoonotic pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) with those present in cattle infected with Map, the etiological agent of Johne's disease. Reluctance to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the difficulty in demonstrating the presence of Map in tissues from patients with CD. Advances in technology have resolved this problem and revealed the presence of Map in a significant proportion of patients with CD and other diseases. The seminal finding from recent investigations, however, is the detection of Map in healthy individuals with no clinical signs of disease. The latter observation indicates all humans are susceptible to infection with Map and lends support to the thesis that Map is zoonotic, with a latent stage of infection similar to tuberculosis, where infection leads to the development of an immune response that controls but does not eliminate the pathogen. This clarifies one of the reasons why it has been so difficult to document that Map is zoonotic and associated with the pathogenesis of CD and other diseases. As discussed in the present review, a better understanding of the immune response to Map is needed to determine how infection is usually kept under immune control during the latent stage of infection and elucidate the triggering events that lead to disease progression in the natural host and pathogenesis of CD and immune related diseases in humans.

关键词： Crohn's disease Johne's disease Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis Animal model monoclonalantibodies Flow cytometry Cytokines

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Gastric cancer and the epoch of immunotherapy approaches

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第19期21卷 5778-5793页

作者： Elena Niccolai Antonio Taddei Domenico Prisco Amedeo Amedei Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine University of Florence Department of Biomedicine Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi SOD Medicina Interna Interdisciplinare-DAI Neuromuscoloscheletrico e degli organi di senso Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi

The incidence of gastric cancer(GC) fell dramatically over the last 50 years, but according to IARC-Globocan 2008, it is the third most frequent cause of cancerrelated deaths with a case fatality GC ratio higher than other common malignancies. Surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for GC though the overall 5-year survival rate remains poor(approximately 20%-25%). To improve the outcome of resectable gastric cancer, different treatment strategies have been evaluated such as adjuvant or perioperative chemotherapy. In resected gastric cancer, the addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy does not appear to provide any additional benefit. Moreover, in metastatic patients, chemotherapy is the mainstay of palliative therapy with a median overall survival of 8-10 mo and objective response rates of merely 20%-40%. Therefore, the potential for making key beneficial progress is to investigate the GC molecular biology to realize innovative therapeutic strategies, such as specific immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a panoramic view of the different immune-based strategies used for gastric cancer treatment and the results obtained in the most significant clinical trials. In detail, firstly we describe the therapeutic approaches that utilize the monoclonal antibodies while in the second part we analyze the cell-based immunotherapies.

关键词： Gastric cancer Immunotherapy monoclonalantibodies T cells Dendritic cells NK cells

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