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Asian Crocodile Poaching:A Review of molecular techniques Developed for Forensic Identification

Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 2022年第2期8卷 57-61页

作者： Ishani Mitra Soma Roy Ikramul Haque Division of Biology Central Forensic Science LaboratoryKolkataWest BengalIndia Office of Director Central Forensic Science LaboratoryChandigarhIndia

Crocodiles,gharials and alligators(order Crocodilia),are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia,America,Africa,and Australia.Asian countries such as India,Indonesia,Malaysia,and tropics of Australia are the stronghold of the family Crocodylidae.Among all 23 crocodile species,nine species occur in Asia and its surroundings,including the only member of Gavialidae and Alligatoridae family.They are“mugger”or“Crocodylus palustris,”“saltwater crocodile”or“Crocodylus porosus,”“Philippine crocodile”or“Crocodylus mindorensis,”“New Guinea crocodile”or“Crocodylus novaeguineae,”“Siamese crocodile”or“Crocodylus siamensis,”“gharials”or“Gavialis gangeticus,”“false gharial”or“Tomistoma schlegelii,”and“Chinese alligator”or“Alligator sinensis.”All of these species have been encompassed in“Appendix I”and“Appendix II”of the“Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,”which prevents any kind of trade involving crocodilian species.However,it has been observed that these crocodiles are illegally poached and trafficked for their lucrative skin,meats,eggs,snouts,and bones in medicinal and cosmetic industries.Although many molecular biologists have come forward for the conservation of these species,lack of knowledge about the available,fast,and dependable techniques makes it difficult for forensic identification of seized or confiscated.It has been a major problem for the implementation of the“Wildlife Protection Law”on illegal trade.This article focuses on molecular techniques developed till date for the rapid and reliable species identification and conservation study of them.

关键词： Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Crocodilia illegal poaching and trading molecular techniques species identification

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Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes

引用

Fungal Diversity 2022年第3期114卷 237-278页

作者： Indunil C.Senanayake Dhandevi Pem Achala R.Rathnayaka Subodini N.Wijesinghe Saowaluck Tibpromma Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Rungtiwa Phookamsak Nuwan D.Kularathnage Deecksha Gomdola Dulanjalee Harishchandra Lakmali S.Dissanayake Mei-mei Xiang Anusha H.Ekanayaka Eric H.C.McKenzie Kevin D.Hyde Hao-xing Zhang Ning Xie Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityNanhai AvenueNanshanShenzhen 3688GuangdongChina Innovative Institute for Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanChina CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management On Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China Institute of Plant and Environment ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing 100097China Engineering Research Center of the Utilization for Characteristic Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources in Southwest Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025GuizhouChina Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Auckland Mail CentrePrivate Bag 92170Auckland 1142New Zealand

Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.

关键词： Ascomycota Estimates Habitat diversity molecular techniques Species concepts

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